Movements and swimming speed of narwhals, Monodon monoceros, equipped with satellite transmitters in Melville Bay, northwest Greenland

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (11) ◽  
pp. 2106-2119 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Dietz ◽  
M. P. Heide-Jørgensen
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Wildlife Sanctuary ◽  
Monodon Monoceros ◽  
Radio Transmitters ◽  
Satellite Transmitters ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Related Pattern ◽  
Water Depths

Positions were obtained for up to 100 days from nine narwhals, Monodon monoceros, representing both sexes and all age categories instrumented with satellite-linked UHF radio transmitters in Melville Bay (76°03′06″N, 61°14′90″W), northwest Greenland, in August – September 1993 and 1994. In both years all nine narwhals stayed within Melville Bay during the open-water portion of the tracking period. Most of the coastal positions obtained were inside the Melville Bay Wildlife Sanctuary. The narwhals also moved up to 100 km offshore to areas where water depths exceed 1000 m. There was no discernible relationship between tide and the movements of whales. By early to mid-October, the narwhals left Melville Bay and started migrating southwards along the continental slope, where water depths range from 500 to 1000 m. This southward movement ceased some 700 km farther south in late November, still in water with depths of 500–1000 m. The mean swimming speed of the whales during September varied between 2.9 and 8.2 km/h, calculated for intervals of 0.5–5 h between consecutive positions. No size- or sex-related pattern could be detected in swimming speeds, nor could any diurnal differences be found. The use of longer intervals between consecutive positions resulted in significantly lower calculated swimming speeds, suggesting that swimming speed will be underestimated if calculated over a longer time span. The mean swimming speed of one subadult and one adult male decreased significantly from 5.5 and 5.8 km/h in September to 2.7 km/h in November.

scholarly journals AB0101 THE IMPACT OF TIME SPAN TO ACHIEVE BOOLEAN REMISSION FOR MAINTAINING DISEASE ACTIVITY AFTER ACQUISITION IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS PATIENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 1079.1-1079
Author(s):  
I. Yoshii
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Disease Activity ◽  
Disease Duration ◽  
Remission Rate ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship

Background:Boolean remission criteria is one most popular and stringent criteria in treating patient with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), because it may guarantees a stable clinical course after attaining remission.Objectives:Impact of time span from initiation to achieving Boolean remission on maintaining disease activity, daily activities, and quality of life after attaining Boolean remission was investigated from daily clinical practice data.Methods:685 patients with RA since August 2010 under the T2T strategy were treated. They were monitored for their TJC, SJC, PGA, EGA, CRP, and disease activity indices such as CDAI, SDAI, DAS28, and Boolean criteria at every visit. HAQ-DI score, pain score using visual analog scale (PS-VAS), and EQ-5D were also monitored, and the quality of life score (QOLS) calculated from EQ-5D was determined at every visit from the time of diagnosis (baseline).Of 685 patients, 465 patients had achieved Boolean remission >1 times, and were consecutively followed up for >3 years. These patients were enrolled in the study. Time span from the first visit to first Boolean remission was calculated. The relationship between the time span and each of background parameters, and the relationship between the time span and each of the mean values of the SDAI score, HAQ score, PS-VAS, SHS, and QOLS at the first Boolean remission and thereafter was evaluated statistically.Patients were subsequently divided into the G ≤ 6 and G > 6 groups based on the achievement of first Boolean remission within two groups: time span G ≤ 6 months and G > 6 months. The two groups were compared with regard to the SDAI score, HAQ score, PS-VAS, SHS, and QOLS at first visit and at the time of first Boolean remission, and the mean values of these parameters after remission were evaluated statistically. Moreover, changes of these parameters and the mean Boolean remission rate after the first remission, and SDAI remission rate at the first Boolean remission to thereafter were compared between the two groups statistically.Results:Out of 465 patients, females comprised 343 (73.7%), and the mean age was 67.8 years (range, from 21–95 years). The mean disease duration at first visit was 6.1 years (range, from 1 months–45 years). The mean follow up length was 88.1 months (range: 36–122 months; median: 85 months) and mean time span from the first visit to the first Boolean remission was 8.1 months. The mean SDAI score, HAQ score, PS-VAS, and the QOLS at first visit were 13.3, 0.467, 33.2, and 0.834, respectively. Among the study parameters, PS-VAS and QOLS were significantly correlated with the time span. For parameters at the first Boolean remission, HAQ-DI score, PS-VAS, and QOLS demonstrated significant correlation with the time span, whereas SDAI, HAQ-DI score, PS-VAS, SHS, and QOLS after the Boolean remission demonstrated significant correlation with the time span.The comparison between the G ≤ 6 and the G > 6 groups revealed that the disease duration, HAQ score, and PS-VAS at baseline in the G > 6 were significantly higher than that in the G ≤ 6 group, and QOLS in the G ≤ 6 group was significantly higher than that in the G > 6 group at baseline. Similarly, the HAQ score and PS-VAS at the first Boolean remission in the G > 6 group were significantly higher than that in the G ≤ 6 group, whereas QOLS in the G ≤ 6 group demonstrated no significant difference compared with that in the G > 6 group.The mean value of the SDAI score after the first Boolean remission in the G > 6 group was significantly higher than that in the G ≤ 6 group. Similarly, the SDAI score, HAQ score, and PS-VAS after the first Boolean remission in the G > 6 group were also significantly higher than those in the G ≤ 6 group, and the mean value of the QOLS in the G ≤ 6 group were significantly higher than that in the G > 6 group. The Boolean remission rate and SDAI remission rate after the first Boolean remission were significantly higher in the G ≤ 6 group than those in the G > 6 group.Conclusion:Attaining Boolean remission ≤ 6 months for RA has significant benefit for more stable disease control, that leads good maintenance of ADL.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

The Kinematics of Swimming in Larvae of the Clawed Frog, Xenopus Laevis

1986 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
KARIN VON SECKENDORFF HOFF ◽  
RICHARD JOEL WASSERSUG
Keyword(s):  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Total Mass ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Maximum Amplitude ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Anuran Larvae ◽  
Tail Beat

The kinematics of swimming in larval Xenopus laevis has been studied using computer-assisted analysis of high-speed (200 frames s−1) ciné records. The major findings are as follows. 1. At speeds below 6 body lengths (L) per second, tail beat frequency is approximately 10 Hz and, unlike for most aquatic vertebrates, is not correlated with specific swimming speed. At higher speeds, tail beat frequency and speed are positively correlated. 2. Xenopus tadpoles show an increase in the maximum amplitude of the tail beat with increasing velocity up to approximately 6Ls−1. Above that speed amplitude approaches an asymptote at 20 % of body length. 3. Anterior yaw is absent at velocities below 6Ls−1, unlike for other anuran larvae, but is present at higher speeds. 4. At speeds below 6Ls−1 there is a positive linear relationship between length of the propulsive wave (λ) and specific swimming speed. At higher speeds wavelength is constant at approximately 0.8L. 5. There is a shift in the modulation of wavelength and tail beat frequency with swimming speed around 5.6Ls−1, suggesting two different swimming modes. The slower mode is used during open water cruising and suspension feeding. The faster, sprinting mode may be used to avoid predators. 6. Froude efficiencies are similar to those reported for fishes and other anuran larvae. 7. Unlike Rana and Bufo larvae, the axial muscle mass of Xenopus increases dramatically with size from less than 10% of total mass for the smallest animals to more than 45% of total mass for the largest animals. This increase is consistent with maintaining high locomotor performance throughout development.

The migratory behaviour of narwhals (Monodon monoceros)

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (8) ◽  
pp. 1298-1305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mads Peter Heide-Jørgensen ◽  
Rune Dietz ◽  
Kristin L Laidre ◽  
Pierre Richard ◽  
Jack Orr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open Water ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Canadian High Arctic ◽  
Baffin Bay ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
Monodon Monoceros ◽  
Migratory Routes ◽  
Somerset Island ◽  
Wintering Ground

Sixteen female narwhals (Monodon monoceros) were tracked by satellite in 2000 and 2001 from their summering ground near Somerset Island in the Canadian High Arctic to their wintering ground in central Baffin Bay. The wintering ground location was spatially discrete from another narwhal wintering ground in southern Baffin Bay. Area extent of the summering ground was approximately 9464 km2 and area extent of the wintering ground was 25 846 km2. Two of the narwhals were tracked for more than 12 consecutive months. These whales used three focal areas between their spring and autumn migration: a coastal area in the open-water season in August in the Canadian High Arctic, a wintering area from November through April in the consolidated pack ice of Baffin Bay, and an early summer area in front of the receding fast ice edge in Lancaster Sound. The whales showed remarkable site fidelity to summering grounds and had specific migratory routes that followed sea ice formation and recession.

ADDITIONAL HEAT FLOW DETERMINATIONS IN THE AREA OF MOULD BAY, ARCTIC CANADA

1966 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. S. B. Paterson ◽  
L. K. Law
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flow ◽  
Canadian Arctic ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Canadian Arctic Archipelago ◽  
General Area ◽  
Geothermal Heat ◽  
Field Methods ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Water Depths ◽  
Made In

Seven determinations of geothermal heat flow were made in the general area of southern Prince Patrick Island in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Measurements were made from sea ice in water depths of between 200 and 600 m. The mean heat flow for the two stations on the continental shelf in the Arctic Ocean was 0.46 ± 0.08 μcal cm−2 s−1. The mean heat flow for the five stations in the channels to the east of Mould Bay was 1.46 ± 0.16 μcal cm−2 s−1. The instrument and field methods are described. Errors due to the instrument and to the environment are discussed.

scholarly journals Albedo of the ice covered Weddell and Bellingshausen Seas

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 479-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. Weiss ◽  
J. C. King ◽  
T. A. Lachlan-Cope ◽  
R. S. Ladkin
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Surface Albedo ◽  
Austral Summer ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Weddell Sea ◽  
First Year ◽  
Pack Ice ◽  
Bellingshausen Sea ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Antarctic

Abstract. This study investigates the surface albedo of the sea ice areas adjacent to the Antarctic Peninsula during the austral summer. Aircraft measurements of the surface albedo, which were conducted in the sea ice areas of the Weddell and Bellingshausen Seas show significant differences between these two regions. The averaged surface albedo varied between 0.13 and 0.81. The ice cover of the Bellingshausen Sea consisted mainly of first year ice and the sea surface showed an averaged sea ice albedo of αi = 0.64 ± 0.2 (± standard deviation). The mean sea ice albedo of the pack ice area in the western Weddell Sea was αi = 0.75 ± 0.05. In the southern Weddell Sea, where new, young sea ice prevailed, a mean albedo value of αi = 0.38 ± 0.08 was observed. Relatively warm open water and thin, newly formed ice had the lowest albedo values, whereas relatively cold and snow covered pack ice had the highest albedo values. All sea ice areas consisted of a mixture of a large range of different sea ice types. An investigation of commonly used parameterizations of albedo as a function of surface temperature in the Weddell and Bellingshausen Sea ice areas showed that the albedo parameterizations do not work well for areas with new, young ice.

Pacing and Hazard Score of Elite Open Water Swimmers During a 5-km Indoor Pool Race

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Baldassarre ◽  
Cristian Ieno ◽  
Marco Bonifazi ◽  
Maria Francesca Piacentini
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Mixed Analysis ◽  
Pacing Strategies ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose: The sensation of fatigue experienced at a certain point of the race is an important factor in the regulation of pacing. The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is considered one of the main mediators utilized by athletes to modify pacing. The aim was to analyze the relationship between pacing and RPE of elite open water swimmers during national indoor pool championships. Methods: A total of 17 elite open water swimmers (males, n = 9; females, n = 8) agreed to provide RPE every 500 m during the finals of the national championships 5-km indoor pool race. Time splits, stroke rate, and RPE were collected every 500 m. The Hazard score was calculated by multiplying the momentary RPE by the remaining fraction of the race. Athletes were placed in one of two categories: medalists or nonmedalists. For all variables, separate mixed analysis of variances (P ≤ .05) with repeated measures were used considering the splits (ie, every 500 m) as within-subjects factor and the groups (ie, medalists and nonmedalists) as between-subjects factor. Results: Average swimming speed showed a significant main effect for split for both males and females (P < .001). A significant interaction was observed between average swimming speed and groups for females (P = .032). RPE increased in both groups (P < .001) with no difference observed between groups. However, the female nonmedalists showed a disproportionate nonlinear increase in RPE (5.20 [2.31]) halfway through the event that corresponded to the point where they started significantly decreasing speed. Conclusions: The results of the present study show different pacing strategies adopted by medalists and nonmedalists despite a similar RPE.

scholarly journals Diet of the Nestling Tree Swallow

The Condor ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 423-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean M. Mengelkoch ◽  
Gerald J. Niemi ◽  
Ronald R. Regal
Keyword(s):  
Open Water ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Tachycineta Bicolor ◽  
Tree Swallow ◽  
Tree Swallows ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Terrestrial Origin ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Foraging Radius

Abstract Dietary samples from nestling Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) in northwestern Minnesota were compared to invertebrate availability as measured by aerial tow nets. The majority of the biomass in the nestlings' diet was adult insects with larval stages of aquatic origin, while absolute numbers of insects of both aquatic and terrestrial origin were similar. Orders of invertebrates in the diet and available were similar in number but not in biomass. Diet showed little variation by time of day, date of sampling or the age of the nestling. The mean number of odonates in the nestling Tree Swallows' diet increased exponentially as the percentage of open water and open water + cattail marsh increased within a 400-m foraging radius. Dieta de los Pichones de Tachycineta bicolor Resumen. Se compararon muestras dietarias de pichones de la golondrina Tachycineta bicolor tomadas en el noroeste de Minnesota con la disponibilidad de invertebrados medida con redes aéreas. La mayor parte de la biomasa en la dieta de los pichones correspondió a insectos adultos con estadíos larvales de origen acuá tico, mientras que los números absolutos de insectos de origen acuático y no acuático fueron similares. Los órdenes de invertebrados presentes en la dieta y disponibles en el ambiente fueron similares en números pero no en biomasa. La dieta mostró poca variación entre horas del día, fechas de muestreo o edad de los pichones. El número promedio de odonatos en la dieta de los pichones de T. bicolor aumentó exponencialmente a medida que se incrementó el porcentaje de agua abierta y de agua abierta + pantanos de espadañas dentro de un radio de forrajeo de 400 m.

scholarly journals Assessment of historical changes (1959-2012) and the causes of recent break-ups of the Petersen ice shelf, Nunavut, Canada

2015 ◽  
Vol 56 (69) ◽  
pp. 65-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrienne White ◽  
Luke Copland ◽  
Derek Mueller ◽  
Wesley Van Wychen
Keyword(s):  
Loss Rate ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Shelf Area ◽  
Ice Shelf ◽  
Pack Ice ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Landfast Sea Ice ◽  
Ice Pressure ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
Thickness Measurements

AbstractAerial photography and satellite imagery of the Petersen ice shelf, Nunavut, Canada, from 1959 to 2012 show that it was stable until June 2005, after which a series of major calving events in the summers of 2005, 2008, 2011 and 2012 resulted in the loss of ∼61% of the June 2005 ice-shelf area. This recent series of calving events was initiated by the loss of extensive regions of ˃50-year-old multi-year landfast sea ice from the front of the ice shelf in summer 2005. Each subsequent calving event has been preceded by open-water conditions and resulting loss of pack-ice pressure across the front of the ice shelf, and most occurred during record warm summers. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) ice thickness measurements and RADARSAT-2 derived observations of surface motion indicate that tributary glaciers provided total ice input of 1.19-5.65 Mta–1 to the ice shelf from 2011 to 2012, far below the mean surface loss rate of 28.45 Mta–1. With recent losses due to calving and little evidence for current basal freeze-on, this suggests that the Petersen ice shelf will no longer exist by the 2040s, or sooner if further major calving events occur.

Satellite Tracker Deployments On Adult, Male Australian Fur Seals (Arctophalus Pusillus Doriferus): Methods And Preliminary Results

2002 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Kirkwood ◽  
N Gales ◽  
M Lynch ◽  
P Dann
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Fur Seals ◽  
Satellite Transmitters ◽  
Rest Sites ◽  
Water Depths

In May 1999, four adult male, Australian fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) from the Seal Rocks colony, Victoria, were fitted with satellite transmitters that provided locations for between 2 and 7 months. Foraging trips during winter and early spring averaged 7.4 days (range for all trips 0.9 to 24.6) and between-trip rests lasted 2.8 days (range 0.3 to 5.7). Between-trip rest sites included Seal Rocks, other colonies and other haul-out sites. The seals foraged mostly in western Bass Strait and in water depths < 100 m.

Ecological and geographical variations in the siphonal index of Culex pipiens larvae (Diptera: Culicidae)

1996 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.B. Vinogradova ◽  
S.Ya. Reznik ◽  
E.S. Kuprijanova
Keyword(s):  
Water Body ◽  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Reproductive Diapause ◽  
Body Type ◽  
Underground Waters ◽  
Geographical Variations ◽  
The Mean

AbstractCulex pipiens Linnaeus is represented by two forms: the form molestus which is autogenous, stenagamous and has no reproductive diapause, and the form pipiens which is anautogenous, eurygamous and diapauses. The ecological, physiological and geographical variations in the larval siphonal index of C. pipiens (the ratio of the length of the siphon to its width at the base) was investigated using both original measurements and previously published data. In all, data were used from 259 collections from open water bodies (marshes, ditches, holes, barrels, etc.) and underground waters (house basements) in areas of Europe, Asia and part of Africa. Autogeny was studied in some cases by dissection of females. In C. pipiens the mean siphonal index was strongly correlated with ecology (water body type) and adult physiology (autogeny). In spite of high geographical and individual variation, which makes the identification of individual larvae difficult, the mean siphonal index can be used with certainty for the differentiation of populations of the two forms of C. pipiens.

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