Fish age, nematode (Philonema oncorhynchi) infection, and development of sexual dimorphism by the adult male sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, in western Alaska

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (11) ◽  
pp. 1999-2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ole Kristian Berg ◽  
Chris J. Foote ◽  
Thomas P. Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Parasite Infection ◽  
Mature Male ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Age Composition ◽  
Body Depth ◽  
Duration Of Residence ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Seaward Migration

Of 255 mature male sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) from two Alaskan lakes (Aleknagik and Iliamna), 254 (99.6%) were infected with the nematode Philonema oncorhynchi with a mean wet mass of 3.1 g (SD = 3.4 g) of nematodes. Fish that had spent 1 year in the lake prior to seaward migration had significantly lower parasite masses than those that had spent 2 years in the lake (2.7 vs. 4.1 g). However, there was no significant difference in parasite masses between lakes or among spawning populations within the lakes for fish of a given age or of all ages combined, even though the populations differed in age composition. The variation in relative parasite mass (mass of parasite (g)/mass of fish (kg)) was mainly explained by the significant variation in total mass of the parasites and the sea age of the fish. Thus, total parasite mass was correlated with the duration of residence in fresh water, while the relative parasite mass was correlated with fish size, and hence with the duration of residence in the sea. In spite of heavy infections (up to 28 g of nematodes) in many salmon, there were no corresponding reductions in mass/length or in the development of two sexually dimorphic features, body depth and snout length. Thus, parasite infection did not appear to affect traits under sexual selection, as hypothesized by Hamilton and Zuk.

Variation in adult life history and morphology among Lake Washington sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) populations in relation to habitat features and ancestral affinities

1997 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
A P Hendry ◽  
T P Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
The Body ◽  
Age Composition ◽  
Body Depth ◽  
Native Populations ◽  
Lake Washington ◽  
Baker Lake ◽  
Different Origins

Body size, age composition, and male body depth were compared among five Lake Washington sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) populations. Two of the populations (Bear and Cottage creeks) were indigenous to the watershed and three (Cedar River, Issaquah Creek, and Pleasure Point) were non-native (from Baker Lake, Washington). To isolate the relative contributions of habitat type and ancestral relatedness to phenotypic variation, we compared populations with (i) the same origin and similar habitats, (ii) different origins and different habitats, (iii) the same origin and different habitats, and (iv) different origins and similar habitats. Spawning salmon in the Cedar River were older and larger than those in the native populations, a result consistent with their origin (contemporary Baker Lake fish were also large and old) and with habitat variation (the Cedar River is much larger than Bear and Cottage creeks). Body size and age composition did not differ among the three non-native populations, but the body depth of males spawning on the lake beach (Pleasure Point) was greater than that of males in the Cedar River, suggesting adaptive divergence. Adaptive convergence may also have occurred because the population in Issaquah Creek (intermediate-sized creek) did not differ appreciably from those in Bear and Cottage creeks.

An Investigation of the Relative Efficiencies of Natural and Artificial Propagation of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) at Cultus Lake, British Columbia

1938 ◽  
Vol 4a (3) ◽  
pp. 151-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Foerster
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Artificial Propagation ◽  
Natural Spawning ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Percentage Efficiency

From three tests each of natural propagation and of artificial propagation involving liberation of free-swimming fry and two tests of artificial propagation involving planting of eyed eggs, it was found that no statistically significant difference occurred between the three methods. Computing the percentage efficiency as the number of seaward migrants produced from the total eggs handled, natural propagation varied from 1.05% to 3.23%—an average of 1.80%; fry liberation from 2.42% to 4.54%—an average of 3.24%; and egg planting from 1.45% to 4.71%—an average of 3.08%. Losses occurring during the five years' stripping and hatchery operations were recorded and, based on total eggs, the hatchery product available for distribution represented from 61.0% to 86.0% for egg planting and from 63.4% to 78.5% for fry liberation. There occurred a lake mortality of approximately 96% of the number of fry liberated. The conclusion was reached that in an area such as Cultus lake, where a natural run of sockeye occurred with a reasonable expectancy of successful spawning, artificial propagation, as commonly practised, provided no advantage over natural spawning, as a means of maintaining the run.

scholarly journals Analysis of Sr and Ba profiles measured by ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry LA-ICP-MS in otoliths of juvenile anadromous sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka in the early marine life-history stage as a proxy for fresh to marine water transition

2021 ◽  
Vol 201 (3) ◽  
pp. 669-685
Author(s):  
Yu. Egorova ◽  
Yu. Kuzmenko ◽  
T. Spesivy ◽  
B. P.V. Hunt ◽  
E. A. Pakhomov
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Life History Stage ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Reliable Marker

The strontium (Sr) and barium (Ba) profiles in otoliths of juvenile sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka from British Columbia are measured using a Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) system and analyzed. The highest possible measurement resolution (near-daily) was used to assess variability and repeatability of the breakpoint (marine entry) estimates inferred from Sr:Ca and Ba:Ca ratios. Such resolution for the otolith chemical composition (to an accuracy of 2 μm) was reached using the rotating slit, which width was close to the daily circulus width of the otoliths. So, daily or 2-day changes in the elemental composition were recorded during the period of transition to the marine environment. Sr profiles were generally similar among the fish, starting with low values of Sr:Ca in the fresh water and increasing sharply after the marine entry. The Ba:Ca signal was more complex, showing in most cases a dramatic increase immediately before the breakpoint. Besides, multiple peaks in the Ba profiles were recorded prior to the marine transition with a significant difference of their number between fish from different populations. A breakpoint was detectable in the Ba profiles 3–11 µm prior to its appearance in the Sr profiles. The complexity of Ba profiles may cause erroneous estimates of the marine entry date; thus, the Sr signal is a more reliable marker of marine transition for juvenile sockeye. 

Influence of Four Species of Helminth Parasites on Orientation of Seaward Migrating Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) Smolts

1990 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 2380-2389 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Garnick ◽  
L. Margolis
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Random Distribution ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Parasite Infection ◽  
Lake Area ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Considerable Variability ◽  
Migratory Behaviour ◽  
Diphyllobothrium Dendriticum

Each of four helminth parasite species, including the cestodes Eubothrium salvelini, Diphyllobothrium dendriticum, and Proteocephalus sp. and the nematode Philonema oncorhynchi, was found to influence the orientation of seaward-migrating sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) smolts from the Great Central Lake area, Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Smolts placed in circular tanks were allowed to exit into evenly spaced bucket traps, and fish from five such runs were measured, sexed, and examined for the presence of parasites. Fish were categorized on the basis of infection status ("+" vs. "−") for each of the four parasite species found. The +/− groups did not differ for any of the parasite categories with respect to either bucket distributions or overall orientation directions. However, "−" groups did exhibit consistently greater departure from random distribution than their "+" counterparts. This finding suggests interference of parasites with smolt orientation, which could in turn have important implications for smolt survival. This finding also suggests that parasite infection may account to some extent for the considerable variability observed in the migratory behaviour of smolts.

A statistical model for in-season forecasts of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) returns to the Bristol Bay districts of Alaska

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 1665-1680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saang-Yoon Hyun ◽  
Ray Hilborn ◽  
James J Anderson ◽  
Billy Ernst
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Bayesian Probability ◽  
Bristol Bay ◽  
Age Composition ◽  
Information Sets ◽  
Information Set ◽  
Fishery Data ◽  
Highest Posterior Density ◽  
Return Data

We developed a model for in-season age-specific forecasts of salmon returns using preseason return forecasts, age composition of in-season returns, cumulative in-season returns by fishing district, and age composition and an index of abundance from an in-season test fishery. We apply this method to the sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) fishery in the Bristol Bay districts of Alaska. The model generates point estimates and Bayesian probability distributions for return numbers by age and river, and it provides an integrated framework for including all of the major data sources currently used in in-season forecasting. We evaluated model performance using early-season data from 1999–2001 and compared the effects of four information sets on forecast accuracy. The four information sets were as follows: I, district-specific inshore return data; II, inshore return data and test fishery data; III, inshore return data and preseason forecasts; IV, inshore return data, test fishery data, and preseason forecasts. Forecasts from information sets II, III, and IV were less biased than those from information set I. However, in terms of the forecast interval, forecasts from information set II were best because the 95% highest posterior density regions of forecasts from information set II covered the actual returns most frequently.

Test fishery indices for sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) as affected by age composition and environmental variables

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy Flynn ◽  
Ray Hilborn
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Average Error ◽  
Fishing Gear ◽  
Migration Route ◽  
Catch Per Unit Effort ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Age Composition ◽  
Fishery Data ◽  
Average Body

In this paper, we explore sources of variability in test fishing indices for sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) and illustrate potential solutions. For our analysis, we use the Port Moller test fishery in Bristol Bay, Alaska. The traditional model used to forecast run size using Port Moller test fishery data is based on a simple linear regression of total returns to the fishing districts against the cumulative test fishery catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) index on a given date. We show that much of the inaccuracy of recent forecasts based on test fishery indices is due to the variable age composition of sockeye runs and the unequal vulnerability of respective age classes to the test fishing gear. We also illustrate solutions to the problems presented by variability in migration route and variability in return timing. In warmer years, we found that there was an increase in effective vulnerability to the test fishing gear and that the strength of this relationship increased linearly with the average body length of age classes. Retrospective analysis shows that correcting for age composition, migration route, and timing provides an in-season index of abundance with an average error of 6.7 million fish or 21%, compared with 33% for previous models.

The Relation of Temperature to the Seaward Migration of Young Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

1937 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 421-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Foerster
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
First Year ◽  
Temperature Conditions ◽  
Temperature Trends ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Seaward Migration ◽  
Small Growth ◽  
Slight Rise

The period of seaward migration of young sockeye from Cultus lake each spring is inversely correlated with temperature conditions prevailing during the months immediately preceding. Correlating temperature readings of the outflow stream with date when twenty per cent migration occurred, a statistically significant correlation of −0.85 was obtained for February and March and −0.77 for January to March. Using air temperatures, coefficients of −0.91 for January to March and −0.74 for February and March were found. Commencement of migration coincides with vernal rise in lake temperatures. Under normal conditions, with low winter minimum, there appears to be a threshold migration temperature approximating 4.4 °C. (40°F.) but in seasons when lake temperatures are not depressed to this level a slight rise stimulates migration. Progress of migration is largely influenced by prevailing weather conditions and their effect upon temperature trends. Cessation of migration appears to be related to the setting-up of a "temperature blanket" which inhibits migration from the lake of sockeye still resident therein. These latter, showing small growth during their first year, remain in the lake until the following spring and then are among the first to migrate.

Perception of Polarized Light by Yearling Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (9) ◽  
pp. 1319-1322 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Dill
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Seaward Migration ◽  
Linearly Polarized ◽  
Food Conditioning ◽  
Conditioning Experiments

Food-conditioning experiments conducted in the laboratory demonstrated that groups of yearling sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) can discriminate between vertical and horizontal planes of linearly polarized light. Removal of the adipose eyelid, a possible analyser of polarized light, did not abolish the response. The findings support the hypothesis that these fish can use polarization patterns for orientation during their seaward migration.

The origin and genetic divergence of “black” kokanee, a novel reproductive ecotype of Oncorhynchus nerka

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (10) ◽  
pp. 1584-1595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda L. Moreira ◽  
Eric B. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Sympatric Populations ◽  
Body Depth ◽  
The North ◽  
Gill Raker ◽  
Maximum Body ◽  
Two Populations

Kokanee and sockeye salmon are the freshwater-resident and anadromous forms, respectively, of Oncorhynchus nerka. Unique populations of “black” kokanee are found in Lake Saiko, Japan, and in Anderson and Seton lakes in the southwestern interior of British Columbia. They are distinct from other populations of O. nerka in that black kokanee display black nuptial colouration and they spawn between 20 to 70 m below the surface of lakes in the winter or early spring. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA and nine microsatellite loci supported the hypothesis that black kokanee in Lake Saiko and in Anderson and Seton lakes have had a diphyletic origin resulting from at least two episodes of divergence in the North Pacific basin. Further, black kokanee in the Anderson and Seton lakes system were genetically distinct from sympatric populations of sockeye salmon in Gates and Portage creeks (inlets to Anderson and Seton lakes, respectively) and were distinct from one another. Anderson and Seton lake black kokanee differed dramatically from one another in standard length at maturity, but no differences were found between the two populations in size-adjusted maximum body depth or in gill raker numbers. Independent origins of black kokanee represent novel diversity within O. nerka, are consistent with the importance of parallel evolution in the origin of biodiversity, and suggest that independent management regimes are required for the persistence of black kokanee biodiversity within a physically interconnected lake system.

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