Influence of wind speed on sage grouse metabolism

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 749-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark H. Sherfy ◽  
Peter J. Pekins
Keyword(s):  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Centrocercus Urophasianus ◽  
Standard Metabolic Rate ◽  
Sage Grouse ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Lower Critical Temperature ◽  
Wind Measurements

We measured the effect of wind speed on the metabolic rate of six adult sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) with indirect respiration calorimetry at ambient temperatures above, near, and below the lower critical temperature. There was a significant effect (P < 0.05) of temperature on metabolic rate at all wind speeds, and a significant effect (P < 0.05) of wind speed on metabolic rate for temperatures ≤ 0 °C. Wind speed had a more pronounced effect on metabolism at temperatures below the lower critical temperature for sage grouse. Metabolic rates measured at wind speeds of ≥ 1.5 m/s were significantly higher than those measured at wind speeds < 1.5 m/s. Multiple regression analysis of wind speed (u; m/s) and temperature (Ta; °C) on metabolism (MR; mL O2∙g−1∙h−1) yielded the equation MR = 0.0837 (u) − 0.0248 (Ta) + 0.5444. The predicted cost of thermoregulation at conditions of −5 °C and u = 1.5 m/s was about 1.5× standard metabolic rate; half the increase was due to wind. Measurements of wind speed in sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) stands indicate that such habitat effectively reduces wind speed to < 1.5 m/s. Microhabitat value should be recognized in the management of sagebrush stands.

The influence of season, temperature, and absorptive state on sage grouse metabolism

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 898-903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark H. Sherfy ◽  
Peter J. Pekins
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Seasonal Change ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Centrocercus Urophasianus ◽  
Standard Metabolic Rate ◽  
Behavioral Thermoregulation ◽  
Sage Grouse ◽  
Critical Temperatures ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Endogenous Reserves

We used indirect respiration calorimetry to measure the metabolism of six adult sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) during winter, spring, and summer. During winter the metabolic rate of fed birds was higher (P < 0.05) than that of fasted birds. The standard metabolic rate (SMR) of females (0.692 mL O2∙g−1∙h−1) was higher than of males (0.583 mL O2∙g−1∙h−1) in winter; in both sexes SMR was higher in winter than in summer. Females' SMR was lower (P = 0.0001) in spring than in winter. Lower critical temperatures of both males and females were substantially lower in winter (−0.6 °C, −4.8 °C) than in summer (14.9 °C, 14.8 °C). Although seasonally elevated, the SMR of sage grouse in winter is low in comparison with that of other galliforms with northern distributions. Thermoregulation during a winter night at −10 °C would result in minimal (<5%) expenditure of endogenous reserves by either sex. Thermoregulation and SMR in winter are more energetically costly to female sage grouse than to males, and may necessitate increased behavioral thermoregulation by females. Seasonal change in SMR differs between the sexes, and is probably influenced by the energetic demands of the breeding season.

Do metabolism and contour plumage insulation vary in response to seasonal energy bottlenecks in superb fairy-wrens?

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Lill ◽  
Jeffrey Box ◽  
John Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Thermal Conductance ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
The North ◽  
General Metabolism ◽  
Lower Critical Temperature ◽  
Heat Conservation ◽  
Low Altitude

Many small birds living at mid-to-high latitudes in the North Temperate Zone display seasonal increases in general metabolism and plumage insulation. We examined whether superb fairy-wrens at low altitude in temperate Australia, where winter is milder and the winter–spring transition less pronounced, exhibited similar adjustments. Their oxygen-consumption rate at ambient temperatures in and below their thermoneutral range was measured overnight in winter, spring and summer. Contour plumage mass was also compared in individuals caught in all seasons of the year. Resting-phase metabolic rate in the thermoneutral zone did not vary seasonally. The relationship between ambient temperature and whole-body metabolic rate below lower critical temperature differed in summer and winter, but the regression for spring did not differ from those for summer or winter. Plumage mass was greater (4.04% v. 2.64% of body mass) and calculated whole-bird wet thermal conductance lower (1.55 v. 2.24 mL O2 bird–1 h–1 °C–1) in winter than in summer. Enhanced plumage insulation could have improved heat conservation in autumn and winter. No increase in standard metabolism occurred in winter, perhaps because this season is relatively mild at low altitude in temperate Australia. However, superb fairy-wrens at 37°S operated below their predicted lower critical temperature for most of winter and the early breeding season, so they have presumably evolved as yet unidentified mechanisms for coping with the energy bottlenecks encountered then.

scholarly journals Dutch Offshore Wind Atlas Validation against Cabauw Meteomast Wind Measurements

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 6558
Author(s):  
Steven Knoop ◽  
Pooja Ramakrishnan ◽  
Ine Wijnant
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Weather Forecasts ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Weather Model ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Wind Measurements ◽  
Sea Wind ◽  
Global Datasets ◽  
Meteorological Institute

The Dutch Offshore Wind Atlas (DOWA) is validated against wind speed and direction measurements from the Cabauw meteorological mast for a 10-year period and at heights between 10 m and 200 m. The validation results are compared to the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) North Sea Wind (KNW) atlas. It is found that the average difference (bias) between DOWA wind speeds and those measured at Cabauw varies for the different heights between −0.1 m/s to 0.3 m/s. Significant differences between DOWA and KNW are only found at altitudes of 10 m and 20 m, where KNW performs better. For heights above 20 m, there is no significant difference between DOWA and KNW with respect to the 10-year averaged wind speed bias. The diurnal cycle is better captured by DOWA compared to KNW, and the hourly correlation is slightly improved. In addition, a comparison with the global European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA-Interim and ERA5 reanalyses (used for KNW and DOWA, respectively) is made, highlighting the added skill provided by downscaling those global datasets with the weather model HARMONIE.

scholarly journals Laboratory Metabolism of Incubating Semipalmated Plovers

The Condor ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 966-970
Author(s):  
Mark Williamson ◽  
Joseph B. Williams ◽  
Erica Nol
Keyword(s):  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Thermal Conductance ◽  
Basal Metabolism ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Lower Critical Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Data

Abstract Abstract The Semipalmated Plover (Charadriussemipalmatus), anarctic-nesting migratory shorebird, regularlyencounters low temperatures during the breedingseason. We measured the basal metabolism of adultsduring incubation at Churchill, Manitoba, Canada todetermine basal metabolic rate (BMR),lower critical temperature(Tlc), total evaporative waterloss (TEWL), and dry thermal conductance(Cm). BMR and Tlcwere 47.4 kJ day−1and 23.3°C, respectively, TEWL was2.5 mL H2O−d,and Cm was1.13 mW g−1 °C−1.Measured BMR and Tlc were consistentwith high values found for other shorebird speciesbreeding in the Arctic, while Cm was18% higher than predicted from allometricequations. These metabolic data suggest thatSemipalmated Plovers are adapted to balance therequirements of incubation against energetic andthermoregulatory demands in the Arctic, especiallyin harsh early breeding season conditions.

Regulation of metabolic rate in Svalbard and Norwegian reindeer

1984 ◽  
Vol 247 (5) ◽  
pp. R837-R841 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Nilssen ◽  
J. A. Sundsfjord ◽  
A. S. Blix
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Physiological Adaptation ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Winter Food ◽  
Lower Critical Temperature

Food intake, body weight, serum levels of triiodothyronine (T3) and free thyroxine (FT4), and metabolic rate were measured at intervals in Svalbard (SR) and Norwegian (NR) reindeer. From summer to winter food intake decreased 57 (SR) and 55% (NR), while body weight decreased 8.6 (SR) and 3.8% (NR). In SR T3 and FT4 changed seasonally, whereas this was only evident for T3 in NR. Resting (standing) metabolic rate (RMR) in winter was 1.55 (SR) and 2.05 W X kg-1 (NR), lower critical temperature (TLC) being -50 (SR) and -30 degrees C (NR). RMR in summer was 2.15 (SR) and 2.95 W X kg-1 (NR), TLC being -15 (SR) and 0 degrees C (NR). Seasonal changes in T3 and FT4 did not coincide with changes in food intake or RMR in either SR or NR. RMR did, however, correlate with food intake. This indicates that seasonal changes in RMR are due to the thermic effects of feeding and represent no physiological adaptation aimed at conservation of energy during winter.

Energy expenditure for thermoregulation and locomotion in emperor penguins

1976 ◽  
Vol 231 (3) ◽  
pp. 903-912 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Pinshow ◽  
MA Fedak ◽  
DR Battles ◽  
K Schmidt-Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Thermal Conductance ◽  
Standard Metabolic Rate ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Breeding Cycle ◽  
Emperor Penguin ◽  
Energy Reserves ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Emperor Penguins

During the antarctic winter emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) spend up to four mo fasting while they breed at rookeries 80 km or more from the sea, huddling close together in the cold. This breeding cycle makes exceptional demands on their energy reserves, and we therefore studied their thermoregulation and locomotion. Rates of metabolism were measured in five birds (mean body mass, 23.37 kg) at ambient temperatures ranging from 25 to -47 degrees C. Between 20 and -10 degrees C the metabolic rate (standard metabolic rate (SMR)) remained neraly constant, about 42.9 W. Below -10 degrees C metabolic rate increased lineraly with decreasing ambient temperature and at -47 degrees C it was 70% above the SMR. Mean thermal conductance below -10 degrees C was 1.57 W m-2 degrees C-1. Metabolic rate during treadmill walking increased linearly with increasing speed. Our data suggest that walking 200 km (from the sea to the rookery and back) requires less than 15% of the energy reserves of a breeding male emperor penguin initially weighing 35 kg. The high energy requirement for thermoregulation (about 85%) would, in the absence of huddling, probably exceed the total energy reserves.

scholarly journals Coastal Wind Measurements Using a Single Scanning LiDAR

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susumu Shimada ◽  
Jay Prakash Goit ◽  
Teruo Ohsawa ◽  
Tetsuya Kogaki ◽  
Satoshi Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Sonic Anemometer ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Horizontal Wind ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Lidar Measurement ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Wind Measurements ◽  
Scanning Lidar

A wind measurement campaign using a single scanning light detection and ranging (LiDAR) device was conducted at the Hazaki Oceanographical Research Station (HORS) on the Hazaki coast of Japan to evaluate the performance of the device for coastal wind measurements. The scanning LiDAR was deployed on the landward end of the HORS pier. We compared the wind speed and direction data recorded by the scanning LiDAR to the observations obtained from a vertical profiling LiDAR installed at the opposite end of the pier, 400 m from the scanning LiDAR. The best practice for offshore wind measurements using a single scanning LiDAR was evaluated by comparing results from a total of nine experiments using several different scanning settings. A two-parameter velocity volume processing (VVP) method was employed to retrieve the horizontal wind speed and direction from the radial wind speed. Our experiment showed that, at the current offshore site with a negligibly small vertical wind speed component, the accuracy of the scanning LiDAR wind speeds and directions was sensitive to the azimuth angle setting, but not to the elevation angle setting. In addition to the validations for the 10-minute mean wind speeds and directions, the application of LiDARs for the measurement of the turbulence intensity (TI) was also discussed by comparing the results with observations obtained from a sonic anemometer, mounted at the seaward end of the HORS pier, 400 m from the scanning LiDAR. The standard deviation obtained from the scanning LiDAR measurement showed a greater fluctuation than that obtained from the sonic anemometer measurement. However, the difference between the scanning LiDAR and sonic measurements appeared to be within an acceptable range for the wind turbine design. We discuss the variations in data availability and accuracy based on an analysis of the carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) distribution and the goodness of fit for curve fitting via the VVP method.

scholarly journals Mosaic metabolic ageing: Basal and standard metabolic rate age in opposite directions and independent of environmental quality, sex or lifespan in a passerine

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Briga ◽  
Simon Verhulst
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Environmental Quality ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Standard Metabolic Rate ◽  
Ageing Process ◽  
List Type ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Metabolic Traits ◽  
Ageing Rate

AbstractCrucial to our understanding of the ageing process is identifying how traits change with age, which variables alter their ageing process and whether these traits associate with lifespan.We here investigated metabolic ageing in zebra finches. We longitudinally monitored 407 individuals during six years and collected 3213 measurements of two independent mass-adjusted metabolic traits: basal metabolic rate (BMRm) at thermoneutral temperatures and standard metabolic rate (SMRm), which is the same as BMRm but at ambient temperatures below thermoneutrality.BMRmdecreased linearly with age, consistent with earlier reports. In contrast, SMRmincreased linearly with age. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first quantification of SMRm ageing, and thereby of the contrast between SMRm and BMRm ageing.Neither metabolic rate nor metabolic ageing rate were associated with individual lifespan. Moreover, experimental manipulations of environmental quality that decreased BMRm and SMRm and shortened lifespan with 6 months (12%) did not affect the ageing of either metabolic trait. Females lived 2 months (4%) shorter than males, but none of the metabolic traits showed sex-specific differences at any age.Our finding that ageing patterns of metabolic rate vary depending on the ambient temperature illustrates the importance of studying ageing in an ecologically realistic setting.Our results add to the mounting evidence that within an organism ageing is an asynchronous process.

scholarly journals Wind sensing with drone-mounted wind lidars: proof of concept

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 521-536
Author(s):  
Nikola Vasiljević ◽  
Michael Harris ◽  
Anders Tegtmeier Pedersen ◽  
Gunhild Rolighed Thorsen ◽  
Mark Pitter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Continuous Wave ◽  
Position Control ◽  
Horizontal Wind ◽  
Lidar Measurement ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Horizontal Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Wind Measurements

Abstract. The fusion of drone and wind lidar technology introduces the exciting possibility of performing high-quality wind measurements virtually anywhere. We present a proof-of-concept (POC) drone–lidar system and report results from several test campaigns that demonstrate its ability to measure accurate wind speeds. The POC system is based on a dual-telescope continuous-wave (CW) lidar, with drone-borne telescopes and ground-based optoelectronics. Commercially available drone and gimbal units are employed. The demonstration campaigns started with a series of comparisons of the wind speed measurements acquired by the POC system to simultaneous measurements performed by nearby mast-based sensors. On average, an agreement down to about 0.1 m s−1 between mast- and drone-based measurements of the horizontal wind speed is found. Subsequently, the extent of the flow disturbance caused by the drone downwash was investigated. These tests vindicated the somewhat conservative choice of lidar measurement ranges made for the initial wind speed comparisons. Overall, the excellent results obtained without any drone motion correction and with fairly primitive drone position control indicate the potential of drone–lidar systems in terms of accuracy and applications. The next steps in the development are outlined and several potential applications are discussed.

accuracy of wind measurements on towers or stacks1,2

1967 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 665-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald C. Gill ◽  
Lars E. Olsson ◽  
Josef Sela ◽  
Motozo Suda
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Lattice Type ◽  
Free Air ◽  
Scale Models ◽  
The Face ◽  
Wind Measurements ◽  
Wind Tunnel Data ◽  
Undisturbed Flow

Wind sensors mounted on towers and smokestacks do not always indicate the true free-air flow. To determine the probable errors in measurements of wind speed and direction around such structures, quarter-scale models have been tested in a large wind tunnel. Data on changes in wind speed and direction were obtained by using smoke, very small wind vanes, and a scale model propeller anemometer. Most emphasis has been placed on a relatively open lattice-type tower, but a solid tower and a stack were also studied. The analysis shows that in the wake of lattice-type towers disturbance is moderate to severe, and that in the wake of solid towers and stacks there is extreme turbulence, with reversal of flow. Recommendations for locating wind sensors in the wind field relative to the supporting structure are given for each of the three structures studied. Guidelines are suggested regarding probable errors in measurements of wind speed and direction around different supporting structures, as outlined below. For an open triangular tower with equal sides D, the wake is about 1-1/2D in width for a distance downwind of at least 6D. Sensors mounted 2 D out from the corner of such a tower will usually measure speeds within ± 10° of that of the undisturbed flow for an arc of about 330°. The disturbance by very dense towers and stacks is much greater. Wind sensors mounted 3 diameters out from the face of a stack will measure wind speeds within ± 10%, and directions within ± 10° of the undisturbed flow for an arc of about 180°.

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