Effects of protein and energy intake, body condition, and season on nutrient partitioning and milk production in caribou and reindeer

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 938-947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann C. Allaye Chan-McLeod ◽  
Robert G. White ◽  
Dan F. Holleman
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Lactating Females

We used captive caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) to study the effects of energy intake, protein intake, dietary protein:energy ratio, date, and body condition on (i) body fat versus body protein deposition and (ii) maternal tissue deposition versus milk production. Energy intake was the only variable significantly affecting body mass (BM) changes in either breeding or nonbreeding adult females. Lactating and nonlactating females had comparable efficiency coefficients for net energy retention (60 and 65%, respectively), but the daily maintenance requirement for lactating females (457 kJ/BM0.75) was twice that for nonlactating individuals (232 kJ/BM0.75). In both lactating and nonlactating females, the proportion of tissue deposited as fat rather than protein increased between spring and fall but decreased with increasing fatness. Energy intake increased protein deposition in lactating females but increased fat deposition in nonlactating females. Milk water volume increased with maternal energy intake and decreased with calf age. However, production of milk dry matter, milk fat, and milk energy were not affected by maternal energy or protein intake, maternal body condition, or calf age. Production of milk lactose correlated with maternal energy intake, while production of milk protein correlated with the maternal dietary protein:energy ratio.

scholarly journals Effect of reducing energy intake during the dry period on milk production, udder health, and body condition score of Jersey crossbred cows in the tropical lower Gangetic region". ( https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-019-02191-8)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Champak Bhakat
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Crossbred Cows ◽  
Udder Health ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Reducing Energy

To find out the effect of reducing energy intake during dry period on milk production, udder health, and body condition, theexperiment was conducted on 14 Jersey crossbred cows during whole dry period and continued up to 120 days of lactation.Reduction in energy intake was done during far-off period for each dry cow of treatment group as compared to control group.Statistically analyzed data revealed that overall significantly (P < 0.01) lower DMI and WI were recorded in control thantreatment group. Overall significantly (P < 0.01) higher total milk production was found in treatment than control group.Overall significantly (P < 0.01) lower milk SCC, MCMT, pH, and EC were found in treatment than control group.Nonsignificant difference in milk fat, SNF, total solid, total protein, and fat:protein ratio was found. Overall significantly(P < 0.01) better quality milk (MBRT) was found in treatment than control groups. BCS during dry period and at calving wassignificantly (P < 0.01) different between groups. Significantly (P < 0.01) higher plasma NEFA concentration was estimated incontrol than treatment groups in all stages. No significant difference was found for plasma concentrations of glucose, urea, andtotal protein. The coefficients of correlation indicated significant (P < 0.01) correlation among BCS, milk production, milk SCC,MCMT, pH, and EC. It can be concluded that reducing energy intake during far-off dry period can lead to achieve optimum BCSat calving. Suitable BCS at calving was beneficial to get higher milk production with improved quality, better maintenance ofudder health and body condition of Jersey crossbred cows at tropical lower Gangetic region.

Increasing Energy Ration of Bali Cattle to Improve Digestible Nutrient, Milk Yield and Milk Quality

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Ni Nyoman Suryani ◽  
I Wayan Suarna ◽  
Ni Putu Sarini ◽  
I Gede Mahardika
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Parent Body ◽  
Milk Quality ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Increase Energy Intake ◽  
Bali Cattle

To determine the effect of energy levels on digestible nutrient, milk production and milk quality of 7 months pregnant Bali cattle, was the purpose of this study. The study was conducted in Bali, Province of Indonesia on 12 pregnant breeding phase of pre-calving (2 months before the birth) with the parent body weight 329-340 kg/head. The treatment given is four types of Metabolizable Energy (ME) levels: 2000, 2100, 2200 and 2300/kg respectively as treatment A, B, C, and D. All ration contain 10% of crude protein. Variables measured: energy intake, digestible nutrient, milk yield, and milk quality. This research is a randomized block design. The results showed that increase energy ration until 2300 kcal ME/kg would significantly (P<0.05) increase energy intake and highest at cattle consumed ratio D is 22239.55 kcal/day. However, digestible nutrient was not affected. Milk production increased with increasing energy rations and highest (P<0.05) at cattle received treatment D is 2179.83 ml/day compared to treatment A 936.67 ml/day. Milk fat and milk lactose also highest (P<0.05) in treatment D are 8.56% and 4.76% respectively. Based on these results, it can be concluded that increase energy ration will increase energy intake, milk yield and milk fat and milk lactose of Bali cattle. 

Effect of body condition at calving and level of feeding in early lactation on milk production of dairy cows

1982 ◽  
Vol 22 (115) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Grainger ◽  
GD Wilhelms ◽  
AA McGowan
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Feeding Management ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Degree Of Confidence

Two experiments were carried out to measure effects of body condition at calving and different levels of feeding after calving on milk and subsequent reproduction.In experiment 1, which was conducted in two consecutive years, 162 cows (77 in year 1 and 85 in year 2) were group feed so as to reach a target body condition (condition scores ranging from 3-6) four weeks before calving. During the last four weeks before calving, all cows were managed so as to maintain their individual condition scores. At calving, cows in similar condition of similar breed and with similar previous milk production were allocated to high and low levels of feeding at pasture for the first five weeks of lactation. Mean pasture intakes were 13.0 and 7.0kg dry matter (DM)/cow.d in year 1 and 15.0 and 8.5 kg DM/cow.d in year 2In experiment 2, 40 cows were offered pasture and hay from 20 weeks before calving to achieve a body condition score of either 4 or 6 by two weeks before calving. During the first five weeks of lactation, cows were individually fed in stalls on freshly cut pasture at one of three levels of intake, 7 or 10 kg DM/cow.d or .In both experiments cows were grazed as one group from week 6 to 20 of lactation.Improved body condition at calving resulted in an extra 4.0, 11.0 and 7.4 kg milk fat per unit condition score over 20 weeks of lactation, for year 1 and 2 of experiment 1, and experiment 2, respectively. Cows in poorer condition partitioned a higher proportion of feed energy to liveweight at the expense of milk production than did the cows in better condition. However, increasing the plane of nutrition in early lactation resulted in higher levels of milk production and reduced the need for cows to mobilize bodyreserves. Improved body condition at calving had a positive effect on milk fat percentage, particularly in early lactation, but did not affect milk protein percentage. Input-output relations calculated from the experimental data showed that the benefit sf to improve body condition before calving was less than that of additional feeding after calvin changes in the condition of the cows were taken into consideration (25.8 vs 1 4.6 kg DM to yi kilogram of milkfat). Improvements in condition and feeding in early lactation reduced the anoestrus interval after calving by 5.7 d for each additional condition score at calving and 1. d for each additional kgDM/cow.d fed over weeks 1-5 of lactation. The input-output relations resented will enable farmers to assess the likely consequenes of changes in their feeding management in the crucial peripartum period with a greater degree of confidence than in the past.

Effect of feeding level and dietary protein content on the growth, body composition and rate of protein deposition in pigs growing from 45 to 90 kg

1984 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
M. R. Taverner ◽  
D. M. Curic
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Diets

ABSTRACT1. Eight diets of similar energy content, ranging in crude protein concentration from 95 to 256 g/kg, were given at either 2·5 or 3·2 times the energy level for maintenance to entire male pigs growing from 45 to 90 kg live weight.2. Growth rate improved with increase in feeding level and with increasing dietary crude protein up to 164 g/kg (P < 0·05). The food conversion ratio improved with each increase in dietary CP up to 186 and 164 g/kg on the lower and higher feeding treatments, respectively (P < 0·05). It was also improved with increase in level of feeding of the lower-protein diets but deteriorated with increase in level of intake of the higher-protein diets (P < 005).3. Rate of protein deposition improved with increasing dietary crude protein up to 186 and 164 g/kg on the lower and higher feeding treatments, respectively (P < 005). The results showed that, for pigs given diets deficient in crude protein, rate of protein deposition was linearly related to protein intake (P < 0·001) but independent of energy intake. For pigs given a diet adequate in crude protein, rate of protein deposition was related to energy intake and independent of crude protein intake.4. Body fat content at 90 kg decreased with increasing dietary crude protein up to 210 and 164 g/kg on the lower and higher feeding treatments, respectively (P < 0·05), and was increased by raising the level of intake of the higher-crude protein diets (P < 0·05). However, the influence of feeding level on body fat diminished as dietary crude protein was reduced.

The effect of genetic merit and concentrate proportion in the diet on nutrient utilization by lactating dairy cows

1999 ◽  
Vol 132 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. FERRIS ◽  
F. J. GORDON ◽  
D. C. PATTERSON ◽  
M. G. PORTER ◽  
T. YAN
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Genetic Merit ◽  
Gross Energy

Sixty Holstein/Friesian dairy cows, 28 of high genetic merit and 32 of medium genetic merit, were used in a continuous design, 2 (cow genotypes)×4 (concentrate proportion in diet) factorial experiment. High and medium merit animals had Predicted Transmitting Abilities for milk fat plus protein yield, calculated using 1995 as the base year (PTA95 fat plus protein), of 43·3 kg and 1·0 kg respectively. Concentrate proportions in the diet were 0·37, 0·48, 0·59 and 0·70 of total dry matter (DM), with the remainder of the diet being grass silage. During this milk production trial, 24 of these animals, 12 from each genetic merit, representing three animals from each concentrate treatment, were subject to ration digestibility, and nitrogen and energy utilization studies. In addition, the efficiency of energy utilization during the milk production trial was calculated.There were no genotype×concentrate level interactions for any of the variables measured (P>0·05). Neither genetic merit nor concentrate proportion in the diet influenced the digestibility of either the DM or energy components of the ration (P>0·05). When expressed as a proportion of nitrogen intake, medium merit cows exhibited a higher urinary nitrogen output and a lower milk nitrogen output than the high merit cows. Methane energy output, when expressed as a proportion of gross energy intake, was higher for the medium than high merit cows (P<0·05), while urinary energy output tended to decrease with increasing proportion of concentrate in the diet (P<0·05). In the calorimetric studies, neither heat energy production, milk energy output and energy retained, when expressed as a proportion of metabolizable energy intake, nor the efficiency of lactation (kl), were affected by either cow genotype or concentrate proportion in the diet (P>0·05). However when kl was calculated using the production data from the milk production trial the high merit cows were found to have significantly higher kl values than the medium merit cows (0·64 v. 0·59, P<0·05) while k l tended to fall with increasing proportion of concentrate in the ration (P<0·05). However in view of the many assumptions which were used in these latter calculations, a cautious interpretation is required.

scholarly journals Influence of Body Condition Score on Milk Production Parameters of Murrah Buffaloes

2020 ◽  
pp. 12-17
Author(s):  
Anitha Alapati ◽  
Sarjan Rao Kapa ◽  
Suresh Jeepalyam
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Production Parameters ◽  
Murrah Buffaloes ◽  
Total Milk ◽  
Condition Score

The postpartum changes in Body Condition Score (BCS) studied from calving to four months of lactation in 40 Murrah buffaloes showed that BCS decreased from calving to two months of lactation and then gradually increased. Significant (P < 0.05) inverse relationship (r = -0.96) was observed between BCS and milk yield. The effect of BCS at calving (BCSc) on the milk production parameters were studied in 40 Murrah buffaloes divided into 4 groups of 10 buffaloes each based on BCSc (G1 – 2.5 to 2.99, G2- 3.0 to 3.49, G3- 3.5to 3.99 and G4- 4.0 to4.49). The total milk production (kg) upto 4 months of lactation, peak milk yield (kg), persistence, milk fat per cent, milk protein per cent and SNF per cent were 1030.93, 9.50, 1.65, 6.44, 3.39 and 8.99, respectively for G1 group, 1197.12, 11.60, 1.69, 7.54, 3.74 and 9.34 respectively for G2 group, 1658.67,16.50,1.77,8.62, 4.24 and 9.84, respectively for G3 and 1359.92, 13.75, 1.68, 9.37, 3.97 and 9.57, respectively for G4 group. Buffaloes of G3 group had significantly (p<0.01) more milk yield, peak milk yield, milk protein and SNF compared to the other groups where as buffaloes of G4 group had significantly (P<0.01) more milk fat.

The influence of feeding level on the protein requirement of pigs between 20 and 45 kg live weight

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
M. R. Taverner ◽  
D. M. Curic
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Effect Of Feeding ◽  
Entire Male

ABSTRACTOne hundred entire male pigs growing between 20 and 45 kg live weight were used to investigate the effects on growth performance and carcass composition of eight concentrations of dietary crude protein (CP), ranging from 93 to 238 g/kg and three levels of food intake (giving mean daily digestible energy 15·6, 18·7 and 22·4 MJ).Growth rate improved with each increase in food intake and with increase in dietary CP up to 175 g/kg (10·5 g lysine per kg) at all food intakes. Food:gain ratio (g food per g growth) improved with increase in dietary CP up to 175 g/kg and with the first increase in food intake.The rate of protein deposition in the carcass (excluding viscera) increased with each increase in level of feeding, and with increases in dietary CP up to 175 g/kg. The results showed that for pigs given diets deficient in protein, the rate of protein deposition was linearly related to protein intake and independent of energy intake. For pigs given diets adequate in protein, the rate of protein deposition was related to energy intake, and independent of protein intake.The carcass fat of pigs killed at 45 kg live weight decreased on all feeding treatments with increase in dietary CP up to 175 g/kg, and was higher in pigs given the two higher levels of feeding than in those fed at the lowest level. The effect of feeding level on carcass fat content declined as the protein adequacy of the diet was reduced.

scholarly journals Supplementing Dairy Ewes Grazing Low Quality Pastures with Plant-Derived Oils and Rumen-Protected EPA+DHA Pellets Improves Lactation Traits and Body Condition Score

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quang V. Nguyen ◽  
Hung V. Le ◽  
Don V. Nguyen ◽  
Peter Nish ◽  
John R. Otto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Rice Bran Oil ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Plant Oil ◽  
Condition Score

The Australian dairy sheep industry is small and mostly based on a natural grass grazing system which can limit productivity. The current study tested different plant oil-infused and rumen protected polyunsaturated fats and their interactions with sire breeds to improve lactation traits and body condition score (BCS) of ewes grazing low quality pastures. It was hypothesised that supplementing lactating ewe diets plant-derived polyunsaturated oils will improve milk production and composition without compromising BCS. Sixty ewes (n=10/treatment) in mid-lactation, balanced by sire breed, parity, milk yield, body condition score, and liveweight were supplemented with: 1) control: wheat-based pellets without oil inclusion; wheat-based pellets including 2) canola oil (CO); 3) rice bran oil (RBO); 4) flaxseed oil (FSO), 5); safflower oil (SFO) and 6) rumen protected fat containing eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (RPO).&nbsp; Except for the control group, all supplementary diets included the same level of 50 ml/kg DM of oil and all diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Experimental animals were grazed in the same paddock with ad libitum access to pasture, hay and water during the 10-week study. RPO was the most effective diet that enhanced milk, fat and protein yields by approximately 30, 13, and 31% respectively (P&lt;0.0001). Significant increase in milk production was also observed in CO, RBO, and SFO (P&lt;0.0001). Breed significantly influenced animal performance with higher milk yield recorded for crossbred Awassi x East Friesian (AW x EF) (578 g/day) vs purebred Awassi (452 g/day) (P&lt;0.0001). This study provides empirical evidence for the use of rumen-protected and plant-derived oil-infused pellets as supplements under low quality pasture grazing conditions, to improve production performance of purebred Awassi and crossbred AW x EF ewes.

Effect of nutrition of dairy cows in late pregnancy on milk production

1979 ◽  
Vol 19 (96) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
GL Rogers ◽  
C Grainger ◽  
DF Earle
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Dairy Farmers ◽  
The Third ◽  
Similar Body

Three experiments were carried out to examine the separate effects of rate of liveweight gain in late pregnancy and of body weight of cows at calving on subsequent milk production. In each experiment, cows were allocated to one of two treatments about 12 weeks before calving. They were then fed so that by six weeks before calving there was a difference of about 50 kg liveweight between the animals in the two groups. In the first experiment, the two groups were then fed to gain weight at either 1.0 or 0.5 kg day-l so as to calve in similar body condition. In the second experiment, the two groups were fed to gain 1.5 kg day-1 or maintain weight so that again they calved in similar condition. In the third experiment both groups had similar rates of liveweight gain, 0.7 kg day-1 in the last six weeks of pregnancy, so that there was a difference of 51 kg at calving. In the first two experiments there were no differences due to the contrasting pre-calving nutrition in the milk production of the two groups, but in the third experiment the cows calving with the heavier body condition had a 7% greater milk yield and a higher milk fat concentration in the first 100 days of lactation. The results demonstrate that body condition of cows at calving is the important factor affecting milk production and that liveweight trends per se prior to calving were unimportant in influencing subsequent milk production. These findings offer dairy farmers alternative choices of feeding and grazing management strategies to improve cow condition at any stage during the dry period.

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