Social behavior of alpine marmots (Marmota marmota): seasonal, group, and individual variability

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
pp. 1945-1953 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Perrin ◽  
Jacques Coulon ◽  
Michel Le Berre
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Active Season ◽  
Play Fighting ◽  
Marmota Marmota ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
Social Events ◽  
The Social ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Family Groups

The composition and social interactions of three family groups of Marmota marmota were observed during a study in the Vanoise National Park (French Alps) from mid-June to late September. Interactions between members of the same group were mainly cohesive, which confirms the social nature of this species. Social interactions between marmots from different family groups were rare and agonistic. The rate of social interactions decreased as the season progressed, probably in relation to a shift in allocation of energy to preparation for hibernation. Some cohesive interactions increased just before immergence, when marmots restricted their activity to the main burrow system. Rates of social interactions differed between groups and between individuals. Fewer agonistic acts, more play-fighting, and persistence of play-fighting late in the active season among immatures suggest the influence of an ontogenetic component. The most agonistic of the studied groups included an adult male that had recently immigrated. He focused most of his agonistic acts on three 2-year-old males, of which two dispersed during the season. Social events characteristic of each group, individual variability, and level of familiarity between group members influence the quality of social interactions and the dispersal of immatures. Social relationships between familiar individuals are amicable and can facilitate the retention of immatures in their natal group as well as their recruitment by emigrant adults.

scholarly journals From speech and talkers to the social world: The neural processing of human spoken language

Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 366 (6461) ◽  
pp. 58-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie K. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Speech Perception ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Social World ◽  
Neural Processing ◽  
Linguistic Processing ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Use

Human speech perception is a paradigm example of the complexity of human linguistic processing; however, it is also the dominant way of expressing vocal identity and is critically important for social interactions. Here, I review the ways that the speech, the talker, and the social nature of speech interact and how this may be computed in the human brain, using models and approaches from nonhuman primate studies. I explore the extent to which domain-general approaches may be able to account for some of these neural findings. Finally, I address the importance of extending these findings into a better understanding of the social use of speech in conversations.

Function and Meaning of Wild Gorilla 'Close' Calls

Behaviour ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 133 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 827-845 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.H. Harcourt ◽  
K.J. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
The Social ◽  
Future Activity ◽  
Close Call ◽  
Contact Calls ◽  
Group Members

We investigate the social significance of the within group ('close') calls of gorillas by examining correlates of calling with dominance rank and with relatedness of adults, and by examining whether the outcomes of interactions between adults differ depending on the calls given during the interactions. In two wild gorilla groups, the majority of adults give most of their calls when near another adult and fully in sight of them. Thus gorillas' use 'close' calls as more than mere contact calls. An adult gorilla's use of 'close' calls correlates with its own and with its partner's dominance rank, with effects being most obvious for the most dominant animals, the fully adult males. Thus the proportion of 'double grunts', the most common 'close' call, in an individual's repertoire correlated consistently with dominance rank; all non-silverback adults gave a higher percent of double grunts in the presence of subordinates than they did near dominant animals; individuals were most likely to give 'non-syllabled' grunts in the adult male's presence; and they consistently exchanged calls at a higher rate with the adult males than with other group members. An adult's type of calls did not obviously differ depending on whether their neighbour was kin or non-kin, but kin were overall more likely to give calls in the presence of kin, and to exchange calls with kin than with non-kin, although the association was not consistent throughout the two years of the study. With regard to the consequences of calling, subordinates were less likely to be feeding one minute after an approach by a fully adult male during which calls were exchanged than during silent approaches. In contrast to findings from studies of some other species, calling did not correlate with duration of grooming. We suggest that, among other functions, gorillas' 'close' calls mediate social interactions. One form of calls, 'non-syllabled' calls, are interpretable as appeasement signals. The broadest interpretation of the 'double grunt' is that it is an exaggerated announcement of presence, whose function is to attract attention to the caller, and to signal conditional future activity.

Mother-Infant Relationships in Three Species of Macaques (Macaca Mulatta, M. Nemestrina, M. Arctoides). Ii. the Social Environment

Behaviour ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 131 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 97-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario Maestripieri
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Maternal Behavior ◽  
Infant Development ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Interspecies Differences ◽  
Infant Handling ◽  
The Social ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Pigtail Macaques

AbstractThis study compared social interactions between mothers, infants, and other group members in rhesus, pigtail, and stumptail macaques living in large captive social groups. Mother-infant pairs were focally observed in 4 weekly 30-min sessions for the first 12 weeks of infant life. Rhesus and pigtail mothers were remarkably similar in several contact, proximity, and grooming measures, but their scores were lower than those of stumptail mothers. The three species did not differ quantitatively in interest shown in infants by other group members, as measured by infant handling and grooming. Infant handling in stumptail macaques was always gentle and infants were carefully avoided by other group members when off their mothers. Infant handling in rhesus and pigtail macaques also involved harassment and kidnapping. The frequency of infant harassment did not differ in rhesus and pigtail macaques but harassment was more severe in the former than in the latter species. Rhesus mothers reacted aggressively to a higher proportion of infant handling attempts than pigtail and stumptail mothers. These results confirm the hypotheses that female interest in infants does not differ among macaque species and that the quality of infant handling is a good predictor of interspecies differences in maternal protectiveness. Mothering style, however, is probably multidimensionally determined, and to fully understand interspecies differences in mother-infant relationships and their functional significance, we need to understand the mechanisms by which reproductive and ecological variables influence maternal behavior and infant development in primates.

The Influence of Siblings On Wild Infant Chimpanzee Social Interaction

Behaviour ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 134 (15-16) ◽  
pp. 1189-1210 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.A. Bard ◽  
L. Brent ◽  
J. Blangero ◽  
C.A. Bramblett ◽  
M.A. Bloomsmith
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
National Park ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Gombe National Park ◽  
The Social ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Infant Chimpanzee ◽  
Infant Chimpanzees ◽  
Older Siblings

AbstractThe presence or absence of older siblings influenced the social interactions of 17 wild infant chimpanzees between the ages of 6 and 24 months living at the Gombe National Park, Tanzania. The total amount of time spent in social interaction (contact, grooming and play) was similar for infants with and without siblings, as was the overall level of social interaction with the mother. However, subjects with siblings spent more time with their siblings, while subjects with no siblings interacted with other group members. These results indicate a possible set-point for infant chimpanzee social interaction. Developmental changes were also similar in both groups, but the infants with siblings had lower levels of interaction with the mother and higher levels of interaction with other group members during the age period of 12-18 months. The levels of social behaviors were not related to the sex of the infant.

Group Responses To Specially Skilled Individuals in a Macaca Fascicularis Group

Behaviour ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 107 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 241-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduard Stammbach
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Macaca Fascicularis ◽  
Social Position ◽  
Spatial Proximity ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
High Ranking ◽  
The Social ◽  
Lower Ranking ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Two Phases

The aim of this study was to investigate the capability of monkeys to assess special characteristics in conspecifics. In a first phase I ascertained that all members of a colony of longtailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) were able to attain food by manipulating a one lever apparatus, thus introducing the "tradition" of lever pulling. Then, experiments were carried out on subgroups of the colony where only one of the lower ranking subgroup members was trained to succeed in a more complex task where three levers had to be pulled in a correct sequence. Eight specialists were established in sequence. These specialists became food producers for themselves and for the other group members. Each trial of a specialist's series was carried out in two phases. In the first, the food phase, the food dispensing apparatus was active and responses of other subgroup members to the food producing specialist were observed. In the second, the social phase, the apparatus remained inactive and observations focused on social interactions of the subgroup. As expected, primarily high ranking subgroup members attempted to participate in the food rewards gained by the specialist. It is shown that high ranking animals began to hold back their initial chasing of the specialist from the food site in course of the trials and were soon tolerated to sit near the subordinate food producer. Furthermore, some of the non-specialists began to follow or even to pass the specialist when he was approaching the apparatus to manipulate the levers. These non-specialists thus indicated that they were able to anticipate later actions. In seven out of 55 specialist-non-specialist relationships all predicted changes in social interactions occurred. In the majority of the dyads in which a change in social affiliation was registered an increase of grooming or spatial proximity was positively correlated with the amount of benefit gained from the specialist. In the social phase of the trials the non-specialists gave more grooming to the food producers and maintained spatial proximity even in this second phase. To conclude: At least some of the group members became aware of the skills of the specialists and adapted their behaviour accordingly as if to maximize benefits from their skills. Previous studies had already suggested that monkeys know about social position, social relationships and kinship of group members. This study adds a new aspect of knowledge, namely knowledge on capabilities and skills of others. Differential knowledge allows monkeys to select partners optimally according to their skills and social position.

Group Modeling in Social Learning Environments

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Slavomir Stankov ◽  
Vlado Glavinic ◽  
Divna Krpan
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Learning Environments ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Group Model ◽  
Student Groups ◽  
Group Modeling ◽  
Modeling Process ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Theories ◽  
Group Members

Students’ collaboration while learning could provide better learning environments. Collaboration assumes social interactions which occur in student groups. Social theories emphasize positive influence of such interactions on learning. In order to create an appropriate learning environment that enables social interactions, it is important to carefully choose group members. In this paper, a group modeling process designed both to help students learn better and to face problems in introductory programming courses together is described. The group model is supported by graph theory and used in a popular social network environment. The authors conducted action research, analyzed students’ activities and the social environment, all of which provided us with helpful experiences for further research.

scholarly journals Investigating the Relationship Between Event Knowledge, Autistic Traits, and Social Ability Using Graph Theory

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kara Elise Hannah ◽  
Kevin Brown ◽  
Mikayla Hall-Bruce ◽  
Ryan A Stevenson ◽  
Ken McRae
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Autistic Traits ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Social Ability ◽  
Event Knowledge ◽  
Communication Problems ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Abilities ◽  
The Relationship

Event knowledge, a person’s understanding of patterns of activities in the world, is crucial for everyday social interactions. Atypical event knowledge could contribute to social communication problems, which are prominent in autism spectrum disorder. Previous research has found atypical event knowledge in autistic individuals; however, research is minimal. In two studies, the relationship between event knowledge and autistic traits, namely social abilities, was investigated. We predicted associations between atypical event knowledge and poorer social abilities. In Study 1, lower social ability correlated with more atypical ordering of event activities. In Study 2, for atypical activity ordering, a relationship was found between social ability and the social nature of events. No significant results were found for other measures of event knowledge. These findings suggest a relationship exists between autistic traits, namely social abilities, and event activity ordering, but does not exist for other areas of event knowledge in the general population.

THE SOCIAL NATURE OF INFORMATION AND THE ROLE OF TRUST

2002 ◽  
Vol 11 (03n04) ◽  
pp. 381-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
CRISTIANO CASTELFRANCHI
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
Social Construct ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
Interacting Agents ◽  
Information Agents ◽  
The Social ◽  
Nature Of Information

In this paper, I claim that "information" is a social construct, is created and tailored on purpose by somebody for somebody else or collectively, accepted, believed, or propagated through social interactions. In particular, I argue about the essential social nature of several crucial aspects of information in IT and specifically in relation to Information Agents. After situating this view of information within the broader perspective of Social Artificial Intelligence — the new AI paradigm — I analyize the intrinsic social aspects of information ontology, search and access, presentation, overload, credibility and sources, value. The issue of real "collaboration" in providing information deserves special attention and I introduce our theory of over-help and of the ability to provide something different from what is requested in order to satisfy the real need beyond the request. In the second part, I focus on the crucial role of trust (an intrinsically social and cognitive notion) for dealing with information and sources especially on the web. My objective is to claim that: if information per se is a social construct, then its technology should be socially designed and integrated, and that machines must be involved in real social relationships because they have to mediate them among humans. It is necessary incorporating some part of this social knowledge and capability in the information technology itself, especially in adaptive and interacting "agents" and MAS.

scholarly journals El análisis de redes sociales como instrumento del Trabajo Social frente a la COVID 19

2021 ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Joaquín Castillo de Mesa
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Social Network Analysis ◽  
Network Analysis ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Redes Sociales ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
The Social ◽  
Community Transmission ◽  
Trabajo Social

El consenso científico señala que la mejor manera de frenar la propagación de la COVID-19 es mediante el rastreo de los contactos de las personas infectadas. Esta medida tiene carácter social, ya que busca analizar las redes de las personas para detectar de forma temprana quiénes están en riesgo de haber sido infectados, alertarles e imponerles la cuarentena, una medida de aislamiento social que impida la potencial propagación.  Hasta el momento mucho se ha hablado sobre qué profesionales deben realizar este rastreo pero poco acerca de cómo se debe realizar este rastreo. En este artículo, en primer lugar, se define qué es el rastreo, qué profesionales están más preparados para estas tareas y cómo se está llevando a cabo en España, encontrando ciertas carencias en cuanto al uso de metodologías científicas que apoyen la labor de rastreo. A partir de la literatura científica que analiza cómo afecta la socialización a la propagación se desarrolla una simulación sobre cómo se puede propagar la COVID 19 durante las interacciones sociales de las personas en sus distintos ámbitos de socialización. Sobre esta simulación se utiliza análisis de redes sociales y determinados algoritmos de detección de comunidades y de análisis de cohesión, para mostrar la idoneidad de estas metodologías para que el rastreo. Los resultados muestran que con el apoyo del análisis de redes sociales y de determinados algoritmos se accede de forma precoz a información clave sobre comunidades formadas en la estructura de red y sobre quiénes son los superpropagadores y los intermediadores entre las comunidades detectadas. Esto puede ayudar a priorizar la puesta en contacto con estas personas para cortar las cadenas de trasmisión comunitaria. Finalmente discutimos acerca de la idoneidad de que los profesionales del Trabajo Social se capaciten en estas metodologías para poder desarrollar esta labor del rastreo.Scientific consensus indicates that the best way to slow the spread of COVID 19 is by tracing the contacts of infected people. This measure has a social nature, since it seeks to analyze people’s networks to detect early who is at risk of being infected, alert them and impose quarantine, a measure of social isolation that prevents the potential spread. So far, much has been said about which professionals should perform this screening but Little about how it should be done. In this article, in the first place, it is defined what tracking is, which professionals are best prepared for the use of scientific methodologies that support tracking word. From the scientific literature that analyzes how socialization affects the spread, a simulation is developed on how COVID 19 can spread during the social interactions of people in their different areas of socialization. On this simulation, social network analysis and certain algorithms for community detection and cohesion analysis are used to show the suitability of these methodologies for tracking. The results show that with the support of social network analysis and certain algorithms, key information about communities formed in the network structure and who are the super-propagators and intermediaries between the detected communities is accessed early. This can help prioritize contacting these people to cut the chains of community transmission. Finally, we discuss the suitability for Social Work professionals to be trained in these methodologies in order to develop this tracking work.

Robust Chickens: Improving productivity, health and welfare by including social effects in the selection decisions

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 260-260
Author(s):  
P. Bijma ◽  
W M Muir ◽  
E D Ellen
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Social Effects ◽  
Selection Strategies ◽  
Social Component ◽  
Selection Decisions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Current Selection

The usual approach in livestock genetic improvement is to consider the phenotype as a sum of a heritable component and a residual non-genetic component, referred to as environment, P = A + E. However, when individuals are kept in groups, the environment that an individual experiences contains a social component due to its group members. In contrast to the physical environment, this social component may have a heritable basis and therefore respond to selection. Thus, for traits affected by social interactions among individuals, current selection strategies can be improved by including the social effects of individuals in the selection decisions. Here we present some basic theory for improving traits affected by interactions, and first empirical results in three populations of layer chickens.

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