Duration of lactation and postweaning changes in mass and body composition of harbour seal, Phoca vitulina, pups

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 1405-1414 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. C. Muelbert ◽  
W. D. Bowen
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Deuterium Oxide ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Phoca Vitulina ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Harbour Seal ◽  
Average Energy Density

We studied changes in body mass and body composition of harbour seal pups from weaning to 5 – 6 weeks postweaning in June – August 1988 and 1989 on Sable Island, Canada. Known-age pups (n = 52) were captured at 3-day intervals from late lactation through about 40 days postweaning. Pups were weaned, on average, at 24.1 ± 0.44 days (mean ± SE) postpartum at a body mass of 24.9 ± 0.45 kg. There were no significant differences between years or sexes in the age and mass at weaning or in the rate of mass loss during the postweaning period. The duration of the postweaning fast averaged from 15 – 17 days as assessed by stomach lavage. The rate of mass loss was independent of weaning mass. At weaning, pups contained an average of 47.7% water and 32.8% fat, based on deuterium oxide dilution. During the first 14 days postweaning, the estimated body composition of pups did not change, despite the loss of body mass. Over the next 26 days, the estimated percent body water increased to about 63% and body fat declined to about 12%. The average energy density of harbour seal pups at weaning was low (16.3 kJ/g) compared with that of other phocids (17.7 – 22.2 kJ/g). This low energy density at weaning may reflect the highly aquatic and precocial development of harbour seal pups.

scholarly journals Energy Density and Satiety of Meals Based on the Healthy Food Plate Model for Filipino Adults

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Julia Golloso-Gubat ◽  
Edward Vincent J. Magtibay ◽  
Jacus S. Nacis ◽  
Robby Carlo A. Tan ◽  
Merlyn G. Tajan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Healthy Adult ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Healthy Food ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Plate Model ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Average Energy Density ◽  
Adult Volunteers ◽  
Analogue Scales

Objective. This study aimed to determine the energy density and satiety of meals based on the healthy food plate model for Filipino adults. Methods. Thirteen healthy adult volunteers consumed breakfast test meals consisting of 1 cup go food, ½ cup grow food and 1 ½ cups glow food, following the recommended proportions in the plate model. Energy density (kcal/g) of the test meals was calculated. Feelings of hunger and fullness were assessed with 100-mm visual analogue scales (VAS) at pre-prandial (0 minute) and at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, and 240 minutes postprandial. Ghrelin levels at 0, 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 minutes were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Results. The test meals had an average energy density of 0.83 kcal/g. Hunger and fullness scores gradually changed with time but hunger remained significantly lower and fullness significantly higher than the pre-prandial levels at 180 minutes postprandial. Ghrelin declined after intake of the test meals and stayed significantly lower than the pre-prandial level at 240 minutes postprandial (30.21 ± 4.58 pmol/L). Conclusion. Meals following the recommendations in the healthy food plate model for Filipino adults have low energy density and its consumption sustained short-term satiety.

Seasonal patterns in food intake, live mass, and body composition of mature female fallow deer ( Dama dama)

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 1141-1152 ◽  
Author(s):  
M L Weber ◽  
J M Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Body Tissue ◽  
Seasonal Patterns ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Seasonal Oscillations

Seasonal oscillations in food intake, live mass, and body component masses were investigated in two groups, each of 4 mature fallow does, which were fed high and low energy density diets ad libitum over a 17-month period. The aim of the experiment was to quantify seasonal patterns of food intake, live mass, and body tissue masses and to assess the effect of high- and low-energy diets on these patterns. Total body fat, muscle, and viscera masses were estimated on 10 occasions using computer-aided tomography. When food intake was expressed in megajoules of metabolisable energy per day, there was little difference between the groups fed the high- and low-energy diets. Food intake showed a clear deviation from a regular annual oscillation during the summer, when intake by both groups was reduced. Seasonal oscillations were apparent in live mass, empty body mass, muscle mass, and total body fat mass, with maximum values in autumn and minimum values in spring. Viscera mass did not show a seasonal pattern but was closely related to food intake. There was a lag phase of 6-7 weeks in the correlation between food intake and live mass and body tissue masses, suggesting that the changes in food intake were a precursor of subsequent changes in live mass and body composition. Further oscillations in muscle and fat masses persisted independently of changes in empty body mass, which indicated a differential change in these components according to season.

Dietary Energy Density is Associated with Body Mass Index and Fat Mass in Early Adulthood

2019 ◽  
pp. 105477381988319
Author(s):  
María Correa-Rodríguez ◽  
Emilio González-Jiménez ◽  
Ángel Fernández-Aparicio ◽  
Jose Luis Gómez-Urquiza ◽  
Jacqueline Schmidt-RioValle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Mass Percent ◽  
Dietary Energy Density

A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the association between body composition parameters as well as body mass index (BMI), and dietary energy density in a population of 538 young adults. Fat mass, fat mass percent, fat-free mass, and visceral fat were measured using a body composition analyzer. Daily energy intake was assessed using a 72-hr diet recall, and dietary energy density was calculated. Significant differences in dietary energy density among underweight, normal-weight and overweight/obesity young adults were identified ( M = 1.42, SD = 0.26 vs. M = 1.52, SD = 0.46 vs. M = 1.66, SD = 0.53, p = .002). Dietary energy density was associated with BMI (β = .961; CI 95% = 0.335, 1.586; p = .0030), fat mass percent (β = 1.921; CI 95% = 0.707, 3.135; p = .002), and fat mass (β = 2.146; CI 95% = 0.827, 3.466; p = .001). Dietary energy density might be considered as an important aspect in the obesity nutritional education programs in young people.

Macroscale bending large-deformation and microbuckling behavior of a unidirectional fiber-reinforced soft composite

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-257
Author(s):  
Xin Lan ◽  
Sida Hao ◽  
Liwu Liu ◽  
Yanju Liu ◽  
Jinsong Leng
Keyword(s):  
Partial Differential Equations ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Numerical Method ◽  
Large Deformation ◽  
Deformation Behavior ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Theoretical Method ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Average Energy Density ◽  
Soft Composite

Due to microscale fiber microbuckling, a fiber-reinforced soft composite demonstrates large macroscale bending deformation (e.g. 10% reversible macroscale compressive strain), which is larger than that of a convenient fiber-reinforced plastics (e.g. 1.5–2% elongation/compression at break). To investigate the deformation behavior, a normalized average energy density of a fiber-reinforced soft composite laminate was derived. By using a self-consistent approach according to the minimum energy principle, a series of analytical expressions were derived by a simplified theoretical method through solving simplified partial differential equations of average energy density. Furthermore, an improved numerical calculation method was developed using the full four terms of partial differential equations of average energy density by employing the results of simplified theoretical method as initial calculating values. The dimensionless results demonstrated that the trend correlated well between those two methods, and the improved numerical method obtained more accurate results than those of the simplified theoretical method. Analytical and numerical results in normalized expressions systematically descripted the bending large-deformation behavior including position of neutral surface and critical buckling, wavelength, amplitude, shearing strain, macroscale compressive/tensile strain, buckled fiber strain, and actuation moment. To design a fiber-reinforced soft composite for use in engineering, the simplified theoretical method is used to predict trend and obtain approximate results for preliminary design, and the improved numerical method is further used to check and obtain more accurate results on detailed design stage.

Reproductive effort of male hooded seals (Cystophora cristata): estimates from mass loss

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (8) ◽  
pp. 1521-1530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kit M. Kovacs ◽  
Christian Lydersen ◽  
Mike Hammill ◽  
David M. Lavigne
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Dive Depth ◽  
Dive Duration ◽  
Day Range ◽  
Ice Surface ◽  
Cystophora Cristata

This study investigated mass loss, body composition, and behaviour patterns of male hooded seals during the reproductive season. During the 6 years of study (between 1989 and 1995), 139 records of male mass were obtained that involved 115 individuals. Body masses of males ranged from 147 to 434 kg. Mean mass at first capture was 312.5 ± 53.0 kg (N = 119). Year, date of sampling, and age all significantly influenced mass. Nineteen males were recaptured at least twice during a single season. Mean rate of mass loss among these individuals was 2.5 ± 1.1 kg/day (range 0.7–4.6 kg/day). Body composition early in the breeding season, measured using tritiated water (N = 6), produced mean estimates of 51.6 ± 1.6% water, 29.3 ± 2.4% fat, 16.9 ± 0.7% protein, and 1.9 ± 0.2% ash. Time–depth recorders attached to three males indicated that they spent 84.7 ± 15.4% of their time hauled out on the surface of the ice during the breeding season. Each of these males was on the ice for a few days; they then spent a few hours at sea before returning to the ice surface. Mean dive depth was only 14.1 ± 3.2 m (maximum 66 m) and mean dive duration was only 1.7 ± 0.3 min (maximum 28 min). Extrapolating mean daily rates of body mass loss to encompass a 2.5-week breeding season, males would lose an average of 44 kg, which represents 14% of their mean body mass. Compared with values for males of other phocid species this value is conservative. It appears that the short breeding season among hooded seals is energetically advantageous for both sexes.

scholarly journals The Effects of Low-Energy Moderate-Carbohydrate (MCD) and Mixed (MixD) Diets on Serum Lipid Profiles and Body Composition in Middle-Aged Men: A Randomized Controlled Parallel-Group Clinical Trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Magdalena Michalczyk ◽  
Adam Maszczyk ◽  
Petr Stastny
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Body Fat Content

Carbohydrate-restricted diets have become very popular due to their numerous health benefits. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of 4 weeks of a well-planned, low-energy moderate-carbohydrate diet (MCD) and a low-energy mixed diet (MixD) on the lipoprotein profile, glucose and C-reactive protein concentrations, body mass, and body composition in middle-aged males. Sixty middle-aged males were randomly assigned to the following groups: hypocaloric MCD (32% carbohydrates, 28% proteins, and 40% fat), hypocaloric MixD (50% carbohydrates, 20% proteins, and 30% fat), and a conventional (control) diet (CD; 48% carbohydrates, 15% proteins, and 37% fat). The participants who were classified into the MCD and MixD groups consumed 20% fewer calories daily than the total daily energy expenditure (TDEE). Baseline and postintervention fasting triacylglycerol (TG), LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol (HDL-C), total cholesterol (tCh), glucose (Gl), and C-reactive protein were evaluated. Body mass (BM) and body composition changes, including body fat (BF), % body fat (PBF), and muscle mass (MM), were monitored. Compared with MixD and CD, MCD significantly changed the fasting serum concentrations of TG (p < 0.05), HDL-C (p < 0.05), LDL-C (p < 0.05), tCh (p < 0.05), and glucose (p < 0.01). Additionally, body fat content (kg and %) was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) after MCD compared with MixD and CD. After the MixD intervention, BM and MM decreased (p < 0.05) compared with baseline values. Compared with baseline, after the MixD, BM, MM, tCh, LDL-C, and TG changed significantly. The 4 week low-energy MCD intervention changed lipoproteins, glucose, and body fat to a greater extent than the low-energy MixD. A hypocaloric MCD may be suggested for middle-aged male subjects who want to lose weight by reducing body fat content without compromising muscle mass.

Effects of a daily mixed nutritional supplement on physical performance, body composition, and circulating anabolic hormones during 8 weeks of arduous military training

2011 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 967-975 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew B. Fortes ◽  
Bethany C. Diment ◽  
Julie P. Greeves ◽  
Anna Casey ◽  
Rachel Izard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Vertical Jump ◽  
Military Training ◽  
Nutritional Supplement ◽  
Blood Analysis ◽  
Anabolic Hormones

The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of a daily mixed nutritional supplement upon body composition, physical performance, and circulating anabolic hormones in soldiers undergoing arduous training. Thirty males received either a habitual diet alone (CON, n = 15) or with the addition of a daily mixed supplement (SUP, n = 15) of ∼5.1 MJ·d–1 during 8 weeks of training. Body composition (DEXA), maximal dynamic lift strength (MDLS), and vertical jump (VJ) were assessed, and resting blood samples were collected before and after training. Blood analysis included insulin-like growth factors (IGF-1, IGF BP-1, and IGF BP-3), testosterone, and cortisol. There were no group differences at baseline. Body mass loss (mean ± SD) (CON 5.0 ± 2.3, SUP 1.6 ± 1.5 kg), lean mass loss (CON 2.0 ± 1.5, SUP 0.7 ± 1.5 kg), and fat mass loss (CON 3.0 ± 1.6, SUP 0.9 ± 1.8 kg) were significantly blunted by SUP. CON experienced significant decrements in MDLS (14%), VJ (10%), and explosive leg power (11%) that were prevented by SUP. Military training significantly reduced circulating IGF-1 (28%), testosterone (19%), and the testosterone:cortisol ratio (24%) with no effect of SUP. Circulating IGF BP-1 concentration and cortisol remained unchanged throughout, although SUP abolished the significant decrease in circulating IGF BP-3 (20%) on CON. In conclusion, a daily mixed nutritional supplement attenuated decreases in body mass and lean mass and prevented the decrease in physical performance during an arduous military training program.

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