Terrestrial life in isopods: evolutionary loss of gas-exchange and survival capability in water

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 1372-1378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara E. Taylor ◽  
Thomas H. Carefoot
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Porcellio Scaber ◽  
Progressive Decline ◽  
Terrestrial Species ◽  
Terrestrial Isopods ◽  
Armadillidium Vulgare ◽  
Terrestrial Life

Survival and oxygen uptake in air and water were investigated in four species of terrestrial isopods, Armadillidium vulgare Latreille, 1804, Porcellio scaber Latreille, 1804, Oniscus asellus Linné, 1758, and Ligia pallasii Brandt, 1833, to compare the degree of vestigial adaptation to aquatic existence versus adaptation to terrestrial existence. Most submerged A. vulgare, P. scaber, and O. asellus died by 18 h, whether in fresh water or isosmotic seawater. Ligia pallasii lived for almost 2 d in fresh water and for at least 25 d in seawater (none died during this time). Oxygen uptake in water was 44 – 66% that in air for the three fully terrestrial species, and 160% that in air for the semiterrestrial L. pallasii. Oxygen consumption of submerged A. vulgare (representative of fully terrestrial forms) declined to 50% after 14 h and to 17% by 24 h, by which time the animals were clinically dead. In comparison, L. pallasii's aquatic oxygen consumption was maintained at normal or higher levels for at least 3 d. All species could survive several hours of immersion in fresh water, sufficient to withstand temporary rain deluge. Ligia pallasii's superior capabilities to survive and respire in seawater reflect its greater similarity to aquatic ancestors, and an evolutionary series showing progressive decline in survival and gas-exchange capability in water would be as follows: L. pallasii > O. asellus > P. scaber ≥ A. vulgare.

scholarly journals Occurrence of the Isopod Iridovirus in European Armadillidium and Porcellio (Crustacea, Isopoda)

1985 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 280-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
George O. Poinar ◽  
Roberta T. Hess ◽  
Jan H. Stock
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
First Record ◽  
Blue Color ◽  
Porcellio Scaber ◽  
Terrestrial Isopods ◽  
Armadillidium Vulgare ◽  
Bright Blue

First record of iridovirus infections of terrestrial isopods (Armadillidium vulgare and Porcellio scaber) in Europe (The Netherlands). Infested specimens can be detected by their bright blue color.

scholarly journals The Mechanisms of Humidity Reactions of Terrestrial Isopods

1941 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-135
Author(s):  
NADEJDA WALOFF
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Negative Phototaxis ◽  
Moist Air ◽  
Porcellio Scaber ◽  
Positive Phototaxis ◽  
Terrestrial Isopods ◽  
Armadillidium Vulgare

1. The humidity reactions of Oniscus asellus, Porcellio scaber and Armadillidium vulgare have been analysed and compared. 2. The mechanism whereby the three species collect in moist air is twofold, consisting of (a) hygrokinesis, or decrease in activity and speed in moist air, and (b) of more frequent turnings in space, retaining them in the areas of greater humidity. 3. These mechanisms are most clearly expressed in Oniscus asellus and least in Armadillidium vulgare. This sequence may be correlated with the resistance to desiccation of the three species, which is greatest in Armadillidium vulgare, and greater in Porcellio scaber than in Oniscus asellus. 4. It is suggested that the humidity reactions of isopods are controlled by water loss by evaporation from the whole body. 5. A correlation between hygrokinesis and thigmokinesis was observed in Porcellio scaber. 6. There appears to be a reversal from negative to positive phototaxis in Oniscus asellus, correlated with the water loss by evaporation. 7. The humidity reactions, low thigmokinesis and negative phototaxis combine to retain the isopods in damp, dark habitats.

scholarly journals ARRHYTHMIC BREATHING, APNEA AND NON-STEADYSTATE OXYGEN UPTAKE IN HIBERNATING LITTLE BROWN BATS (MYOTIS LUCIFUGUS)

1990 ◽  
Vol 149 (1) ◽  
pp. 395-406
Author(s):  
DONALD W. THOMAS ◽  
DANIELLE CLOUTIER ◽  
DANIEL GAGNÉ
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Breathing Pattern ◽  
Adaptive Strategies ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Myotis Lucifugus ◽  
O2 Uptake ◽  
Closed Glottis ◽  
Little Brown Bats

We measured the breathing pattern and oxygen consumption of hibernating little brown bats {Myotis lucifugus) in open- and closed-circuit metabolic chambers. At 5°C, hibernating M. lucifugus showed bouts of ventilation lasting on average 1.24min and separated by periods of apnea lasting on average 47.59min. The bats consumed 0.014 ml O2g−1 during ventilation bouts and 0.002 ml g−1 during apnea. The total O2 uptake was 0.016 ml g−1 for a complete ventilationapnea cycle, giving a Vo2 of 0.020 ml g−1 h−11. This value is considerably lower than most values previously published for Myotis spp. and we suggest that studies using open-circuit systems that did not account for the intermittent nature of gas exchange during hibernation may be in error. Based on the dimensions of the respiratory tract, we estimate that 0.026 ml O2g−1h−1 and 0.009mlCO2g−1h−1 could diffuse down the tract if the glottis was open. The low O2 uptake during apnea indicates that the glottis was closed. If CO2 retention acts to depress metabolism in hibernators, a closed glottis and arrhythmic breathing may be adaptive strategies in hibernation.

scholarly journals Effects of Cold Exposure on Oxygen Consumption, Ventilation and Interclavicular Air-Sac Gases in the Little Penguin(Eudyptula Minor)

1990 ◽  
Vol 154 (1) ◽  
pp. 397-405
Author(s):  
HEGE JOHANNESEN ◽  
STEWART C. NICOL
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Strong Correlation ◽  
Respiratory Frequency ◽  
Oxygen Extraction ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Little Penguin

Oxygen consumption (VO2), tidal volume, respiratory frequency and the composition of the gas in the interclavicular air sac were measured in the little penguin Eudyptula minor (Forster) at ambient temperatures (Ta) of 5 and 20 °C. VO2 increased from 14.60 ml O2 kg−1 at 20°C to 18.29 ml O2 kg−1 min−1 at 5 °C. However, the elevated atVO2 the low Ta was not matched by a similar rise in total inspiratory ventilation (Vi). The ventilatory requirement (Vi/VO2) thus decreased from 0.5751 mmol−11 at 20°C to 0.4401 mmol−1 at 5°C. An increased gas exchange efficiency during cold exposure was also shown by the composition of the gas in the interclavicular air sac. PO2 decreased from 11.95 kPa at 20°C to 10.24kPa at 5°C, while the corresponding increase in PCO2 was from 6.61 to 7.50 kPa. Oxygen extraction, calculated from VO2, Vi and O2 content of the inspired air, increased from 24.60% at 20°C to 31.04% at 5°C. Oxygen extraction calculated from the O2 contents of inspired air and interclavicular air—sac gas was 38.73 % at 20°C and 47.18% at 5°C. The results confirm previous findings for the little penguin which showed a decrease in the ventilatory requirement with increasing oxygen uptake. However, the improved gas exchange efficiency during cold exposure and the strong correlation found between oxygen extraction and oxygen consumption have not been demonstrated previously for this species.

The Tachinid Parasites of Woodlice

Parasitology ◽  
1934 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 378-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Larval Morphology ◽  
Porcellio Scaber ◽  
Terrestrial Isopods ◽  
Armadillidium Vulgare

1. This paper comprises a study of the larval morphology and biology of the dipterous parasites of the terrestrial Isopods or woodlice.2. Porcellio scaber L., Oniscus asellus L., Metaponorthus pruinosus Brandt., and Armadillidium vulgare Lat., were found to be attacked by one or more of the parasites.3. Seven dipterous parasites have been reared and identified from woodlice: Plesina maculata Fall., Melanophora roralis L., Phyto melanocephala Meig., Styloneuria discrepans Pand., Frauenfeldia rubricosa Meig., Cyrillia angustifrons Rond., and Rhinophora lepida Meig. The biology and larval forms of all of these except R. lepida are described and figured, together with those of two undetermined species, “A” and “B.”

Exercising with and Without Lungs: I. The Effects of Metabolic Cost, Maximal Oxygen Transport and Body Size on Terrestrial Locomotion in Salamander Species

1988 ◽  
Vol 138 (1) ◽  
pp. 471-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROBERT J. FULL ◽  
BRUCE D. ANDERSON ◽  
CASEY M. FINNERTY ◽  
MARTIN E. FEDER
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Locomotor Performance ◽  
Terrestrial Locomotion ◽  
Ambystoma Laterale ◽  
Salamander Species

To whom offprint reprints should be addressed. Metabolic cost, oxygen consumption (MO2, respiratory structure and body size interact to determine the capacity of salamanders for terrestrial locomotion. Salamanders respiring via both lungs and skin, Ambystoma laterale and A. tigrinum, or with skin alone, Desmognathus ochrophaeus and D. quadramaculatus, attained a steady-state MO2 during exercise in a treadmill respirometer. Endurance was correlated with the speed at which maximal MO2, was attained (VMO2.max). Low aerobic costs of transport (60–80% lower than reptiles of similar mass) increased VMO2.max. However, in lungless salamanders a low maximum MO2 decreased VMO2.max significantly. MO2 increased only 1.6- to 3.0-fold above resting rates in active lungless salamanders, whereas it could increase 3.5- to 7.0-fold in active lunged salamanders. Lungless salamanders attained maximal MO2 at half to one-tenth the speed of lunged animals. Lungless salamanders fatigued in 20 min or less at speeds that lunged salamanders could sustain for 1–2 h. Body size also affected the capacity for oxygen uptake during activity and locomotor performance. The large lungless salamander D. quadramaculatus attained maximum MO2 even at its lowest rate of travel. Cutaneous gas exchange does not provide lungless salamanders with gas transport capacities found in lunged animals. However, only small increases in MO2 may be required for modest levels of activity.

Pulmonary Gas Exchange and Oxygen Uptake During Exercise in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

1992 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 252-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Th. Wanke ◽  
D. Formanek ◽  
M. Auinger ◽  
H. Zwick ◽  
K. Irsigler
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Pulmonary Gas Exchange

scholarly journals No major thermogenic role for (Na+ + K+)-dependent adenosine triphosphatase apparent in hepatocytes from hyperthyroid rats

1982 ◽  
Vol 202 (3) ◽  
pp. 661-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
D G Clark ◽  
M Brinkman ◽  
O H Filsell ◽  
S J Lewis ◽  
M N Berry
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Adenosine Triphosphatase ◽  
Heat Output ◽  
Liver Parenchymal ◽  
Dependent Atpase ◽  
Parenchymal Cells ◽  
Isolated Liver

(Na+ + K+)-dependent ATPase activity, heat production and oxygen consumption were increased by 59%, 62% and 75% respectively in hepatocytes from tri-iodothyronine-treated rats. Ouabain at concentrations of 1 and 10 mM decreased oxygen uptake by 2-8% in hepatocytes from euthyroid rats and by 5-15% in hepatocytes from hyperthyroid animals. Heat output was decreased by 4-9% with the glycoside in isolated liver parenchymal cells from the control animals and by 11% in the cells from the tri-iodothyronine-treated animals. These results do not support the hypothesis that hepatic (Na+ + K+)-ATPase plays a major role in increased heat production in hepatocytes from hyperthyroid rats.

The effect of the acanthocephalan Pomphorhynchus laevis upon the respiration of its intermediate host, Gammarus pulex

Parasitology ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Rumpus ◽  
C. R. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Gammarus Pulex ◽  
Multiple Infections ◽  
Pomphorhynchus Laevis ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Host Parasite

The respiration rates of individual Gammarus pulex infected by larval Pomphorhynchus laevis were investigated with particular reference to the stage of development of the host and parasite and to the water temperature. At 20°C the oxygen consumption of Gammarus of all sizes was reduced by an average of 19·3 % by the presence of cystacanths of the parasite, but was unaffected by the presence of acanthellae. It is considered that the small size of this larval stage, in relation to that of its host, is responsible for the failure to detect an effect. Multiple infections did not exert any greater effect upon host respiration than single cystacanths, nor did it appear that the parasite had different effects upon hosts of different sexes. At 10°C no significant differences were observed between the respiration rates of infected and uninfected gammarids. The parasite was probably still depressing the host respiration rate at this temperature, but the oxygen uptake of G. pulex is so low that the differences between infected and uninfected individuals were too small to be detected. The parasite has a direct effect upon the physiological processes of the host, but neither the mechanism of this nor the reasons for the different effects found in different host-parasite systems are yet understood. Despite the pronounced effect of P. laevis on respiration of individual hosts, its effect upon the oxygen consumption of a natural host population is small since only a small proportion of the population carries infections and water temperatures remain below 10°C for over half the year.

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