Coyote coexistence with wolves on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (12) ◽  
pp. 2494-2498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne M. Thurber ◽  
Rolf O. Peterson ◽  
James D. Woolington ◽  
John A. Vucetich
Keyword(s):  
Food Habits ◽  
Interference Competition ◽  
Snowshoe Hare ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Kenai Peninsula ◽  
Exploitation Competition ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Frequency Occurrence ◽  
Scat Analyses

Coyote food habits, home range, and interactions with wolves were examined on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska (1976–1980), to determine mechanisms of competition between the two species. Scat analyses (percent frequency occurrence) indicated coyotes relied primarily on snowshoe hare, porcupine, and small mammals. Coyote home ranges overlapped those of wolves and averaged 104.0 ± 44.6 (SE) and 70.2 ± 10.4 km2 for males and females, respectively. The ratio of coyotes to wolves captured on public roads was 10:1, while the ratio on roads closed to vehicle access was 0.71:1. Eight instances of wolves killing coyotes are reported. Lack of or minimal exploitation competition appears to allow coexistence of wolves and coyotes, while interference competition is believed to account for the difference in canid abundance near the two road types.

scholarly journals Mechanisms Involved in Interspecific Communication between Wine Yeasts

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1734
Author(s):  
Ana Mencher ◽  
Pilar Morales ◽  
Jordi Tronchoni ◽  
Ramon Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Alcoholic Fermentation ◽  
Yeast Species ◽  
Interspecific Interactions ◽  
Interference Competition ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Starter Cultures ◽  
Simple Consequence ◽  
Wine Yeasts ◽  
Exploitation Competition ◽  
Metabolic Intermediates

In parallel with the development of non-Saccharomyces starter cultures in oenology, a growing interest has developed around the interactions between the microorganisms involved in the transformation of grape must into wine. Nowadays, it is widely accepted that the outcome of a fermentation process involving two or more inoculated yeast species will be different from the weighted average of the corresponding individual cultures. Interspecific interactions between wine yeasts take place on several levels, including interference competition, exploitation competition, exchange of metabolic intermediates, and others. Some interactions could be a simple consequence of each yeast running its own metabolic programme in a context where metabolic intermediates and end products from other yeasts are present. However, there are clear indications, in some cases, of specific recognition between interacting yeasts. In this article we discuss the mechanisms that may be involved in the communication between wine yeasts during alcoholic fermentation.

scholarly journals Does Consumption of Nitrate Containing Beetroot Juice Affect Indoor Rowing Performance in Males and Females?

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1754-1754
Author(s):  
Giselle Greisman ◽  
June Kloubec ◽  
Alexandra Kazaks ◽  
Kelly Morrow ◽  
Cristen Harris
Keyword(s):  
P Value ◽  
Beetroot Juice ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Beverage Type ◽  
Rowing Performance ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Research Grant

Abstract Objectives The nitrates found in beetroot juice (BR) are known to be a precursor of nitric oxide (NO). NO is a known vasodilator which allows more oxygen to travel in the blood and may improve muscle efficiency. This study aims to measure the effect of BR supplementation on performance on 500-meter row time for trained CrossFit athletes. Many past studies have analyzed the effect of BR on male athletes, this study aimed to include both males and females. Methods This study used a randomized, cross-over, double-blind, placebo-controlled design to measure 500-meter row time. Thirty athletes age 18–60 consumed either a 2.7 oz shot of BR (6.5 mmol nitrate) or a placebo nitrate-free beetroot juice (PL). Two hours later, they rowed 500 meters. After at least a seven-day washout period, athletes repeated the 500-meter row with either BR or PL for comparison. This study was performed from July 2019 – January 2020 and was conducted in Mercer Island, Washington. Results Ten males age 18.0 to 60.3 (median 47.7) and twenty females age 26.7 to 58.3 (median 43.8), participated in this study. Row times for the 500-meter row ranged from 88.2 seconds to 150.7 seconds. Data indicate that although 60% of all participants rowed faster with BR (mean 112.83 seconds), compared to PL (mean 113.40 seconds), the difference in the means of row times (−0.563) was not significant overall (P = 0.29). However, for the 10 males, row times were significantly faster (1.02 second difference, P = 0.04) on average with BR compared to PL. For the 20 females, the difference in mean row time (−0.335 seconds) was not significant (P = 0.66). Competitive rowers were defined as those who rowed under 110 seconds (N = 15). For competitive rowers (10 males, 5 females), row times were significantly faster with BR compared to PL (difference in means −0.94, P = 0.009). However, for those rowers, the P-value of drink * group was 0.015. Conclusions Dietary nitrate improved indoor rowing performance in males but not in females. In addition, competitive rowers were also significantly faster with BR, however, there may be an order bias, since there was significant interaction between beverage type and testing order. Food based nitrate supplements may increase rowing performance with male rowers. Funding Sources Supported by Bastyr Faculty Student Research Grant.

Dispersal patterns in a regional koala population in south-east Queensland

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 281 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S. Dique ◽  
Jim Thompson ◽  
Harriet J. Preece ◽  
Deidré L. de Villiers ◽  
Frank N. Carrick
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Dispersal Patterns ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
The Social ◽  
Straight Line Distance ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Natal Home

Koala dispersal was investigated as part of a detailed ecological study of a nationally significant koala population located 20 km south-east of Brisbane, Queensland. From 1996 to 2000, 195 koalas from three sites were captured and fitted with radio-collars. A total of 40 koalas (23 males and 17 females) dispersed from these sites. Most (93%) dispersing individuals were 20–36 months of age. Three adult females (more than 36 months old) dispersed and no adult males dispersed during the study. A significantly higher proportion of young males dispersed than females. Dispersal occurred between June and December, with most dispersal of males commencing in July and August and that of females commencing between September and November prior to, and early in, the annual breeding season. The mean straight-line distance between the natal and breeding home ranges for males and females was similar and was measured at 3.5 km (range 1.1–9.7 km) and 3.4 km (range 0.3–10.6 km) respectively. Dispersing males and females tended to successfully disperse south and west of their natal home ranges and were generally unable to successfully disperse to urban areas within the study area, as a high proportion of the mortality of dispersing koalas was associated with attacks by domestic dogs and with collisions with vehicles on roads. Information from other studies indicates that most young koalas disperse from their natal areas. It is likely that the social behaviour and mating systems of koala populations provide mechanisms for young koalas to disperse. The potential role of dispersal in the dynamics of regional koala populations is discussed.

scholarly journals Chromosomal anomalies that cause male sterility in the mouse also reduce ovary size

1984 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ursula Mittwoch ◽  
Shantha Mahadevaiah ◽  
Leslie A. Setterfield
Keyword(s):  
Male Sterility ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Reciprocal Translocation ◽  
Chromosomal Anomalies ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Chromosome Anomalies ◽  
Ovarian Size ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Ovarian Involvement

SUMMARYTwo male-sterile chromosome anomalies, the insertion Is(7; 1)40H and the tertiary trisomy, Ts(512)31H, were found to be associated with reduced ovarian volumes in immature females. Together with the reciprocal translocation, T(11; 19)42H, in which this effect was described previously, reduced ovaries have been found in all three male-sterile chromosome anomalies investigated so far, suggesting that ovarian involvement is likely to be common in these conditions. Assuming that the smaller ovarian size reflects a reduction in the number of oocytes, it is suggested that male-sterile chromosome anomalies may exert basically similar deleterious effects on meiotic germ cells in males and females, the difference in outcome being due to cell-physiological differences between spermatocytes and oocytes and to the small number of surviving oocytes required for fertility in females.

scholarly journals Enhancer of rudimentaryp1, e(r)p1, a highly conserved enhancer of the rudimentary gene.

Genetics ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 138 (4) ◽  
pp. 1163-1170 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Wojcik ◽  
A M Murphy ◽  
H Fares ◽  
K Dang-Vu ◽  
S I Tsubota
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Drosophila Virilis ◽  
P Element ◽  
R Gene ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Polyadenylation Sites ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Polyadenylation Signals ◽  
Untranslated Leader Region

Abstract A hybrid dysgenesis-induced mutation, enhancer of rudimentaryp1 (e(r)p1), is a recessive enhancer of a weak rudimentary mutant phenotype in Drosophila melanogaster. The e(r) gene was cloned using P element tagging and localized to region 8B on the X chromosome. It encodes a 1.0-kb and a 1.2-kb transcript. The 1.0-kb transcript is present in both adult males and females, while the 1.2-kb transcript is predominantly found in females. The difference in the lengths of the two e(r) transcripts is caused by two different polyadenylation sites spaced 228 bp apart. The amounts of both of these transcripts are drastically reduced in the e(r)p1 mutant. The P element in e(r)p1 is inserted in the 5'-untranslated leader region near the start of transcription. It may be producing its effect by suppressing transcription and/or by providing transcription termination and polyadenylation signals. The putative e(r) protein is 104 amino acids in length and bears no striking resemblance to protein sequences in GenBank or PIR. While its biochemical function is unknown at this time, sequence analysis indicates that the e(r) protein is highly conserved and, presumably, functionally very important. The amino acid sequences of the D. melanogaster and the Drosophila virilis proteins are 95% identical.

scholarly journals Interference competition pressure predicts the number of avian predators that shifted their timing of activity

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1880) ◽  
pp. 20180744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yifan Pei ◽  
Mihai Valcu ◽  
Bart Kempenaers
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Interference Competition ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Exploitation Competition ◽  
Predator Species ◽  
Avian Predator ◽  
Avian Predators ◽  
Time Partitioning ◽  
Competition Pressure

Being active at different times facilitates the coexistence of functionally similar species. Hence, time partitioning might be induced by competition. However, the relative importance of direct interference and indirect exploitation competition on time partitioning remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the relative importance of these two forms of competition on the occurrence of time-shifting among avian predator species. As a measure of interference competition pressure, we used the species richness of day-active avian predator species or of night-active avian predator species (i.e. species of Accipitriformes, Falconiformes and Strigiformes) in a particular geographical area (assemblage). As an estimate of exploitation competition pressure, we used the total species richness of avian predators in each assemblage. Estimates of the intensity of interference competition robustly predicted the number of Accipitriformes species that became crepuscular and the number of Strigiformes species that became day-active or strictly crepuscular. Interference competition pressure may depend on body size and on the total duration of the typical active period (day or night length). Our results support—to some extent—that smaller species are more likely to become time-shifters. Day length did not have an effect on the number of time-shifter species in the Accipitriformes. Among the large Strigiformes, more time-shifter species occur in areas where nights are shorter (i.e. where less of the typical time resource is available). However, in the small Strigiformes, we found the opposite, counterintuitive effect: more time-shifters where nights are longer. Exploitation competition may have had an additional positive effect on the number of time-shifters, but only in Accipitriformes, and the effect was not as robust. Our results thus support the interference competition hypothesis, suggesting that animals may have shifted their time of activity, despite phylogenetic constraints on the ability to do so, to reduce the costs of direct interactions. Our findings also highlight the influence of body size as a surrogate of competitive ability during encounters on time partitioning, at least among avian predators.

scholarly journals Competition among Nasal Bacteria Suggests a Role for Siderophore-Mediated Interactions in Shaping the Human Nasal Microbiota

2018 ◽  
Vol 85 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reed M. Stubbendieck ◽  
Daniel S. May ◽  
Marc G. Chevrette ◽  
Mia I. Temkin ◽  
Evelyn Wendt-Pienkowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Iron Acquisition ◽  
Interference Competition ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Human Microbiome Project ◽  
Siderophore Production ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Exploitation Competition ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACTResources available in the human nasal cavity are limited. Therefore, to successfully colonize the nasal cavity, bacteria must compete for scarce nutrients. Competition may occur directly through interference (e.g., antibiotics) or indirectly by nutrient sequestration. To investigate the nature of nasal bacterial competition, we performed coculture inhibition assays between nasalActinobacteriaandStaphylococcusspp. We found that isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) were sensitive to growth inhibition byActinobacteriabut thatStaphylococcus aureusisolates were resistant to inhibition. AmongActinobacteria, we observed thatCorynebacteriumspp. were variable in their ability to inhibit CoNS. We sequenced the genomes of 10Corynebacteriumspecies isolates, including 3Corynebacterium propinquumisolates that strongly inhibited CoNS and 7 otherCorynebacteriumspecies isolates that only weakly inhibited CoNS. Using a comparative genomics approach, we found that theC. propinquumgenomes were enriched in genes for iron acquisition and harbored a biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) for siderophore production, absent in the noninhibitoryCorynebacteriumspecies genomes. Using a chrome azurol S assay, we confirmed thatC. propinquumproduced siderophores. We demonstrated that iron supplementation rescued CoNS from inhibition byC. propinquum, suggesting that inhibition was due to iron restriction through siderophore production. Through comparative metabolomics and molecular networking, we identified the siderophore produced byC. propinquumas dehydroxynocardamine. Finally, we confirmed that the dehydroxynocardamine BGC is expressedin vivoby analyzing human nasal metatranscriptomes from the NIH Human Microbiome Project. Together, our results suggest that bacteria produce siderophores to compete for limited available iron in the nasal cavity and improve their fitness.IMPORTANCEWithin the nasal cavity, interference competition through antimicrobial production is prevalent. For instance, nasalStaphylococcusspecies strains can inhibit the growth of other bacteria through the production of nonribosomal peptides and ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptides. In contrast, bacteria engaging in exploitation competition modify the external environment to prevent competitors from growing, usually by hindering access to or depleting essential nutrients. As the nasal cavity is a nutrient-limited environment, we hypothesized that exploitation competition occurs in this system. We determined thatCorynebacterium propinquumproduces an iron-chelating siderophore, and this iron-sequestering molecule correlates with the ability to inhibit the growth of coagulase-negative staphylococci. Furthermore, we found that the genes required for siderophore production are expressedin vivo. Thus, although siderophore production by bacteria is often considered a virulence trait, our work indicates that bacteria may produce siderophores to compete for limited iron in the human nasal cavity.

scholarly journals The Gender Factor Effect on Saudi Learners’ Perceptions of Using Social Media on Their Social Interaction

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Boushra Abdul-Aziz AlGhamdi ◽  
Shorouq Ali AL-Garni ◽  
Maysa M. Qutob
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Time Management ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Factor Effect ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Gender Factor ◽  
Positive Point

This study compares males and females perception of the effect of social media on their social interaction to understand the difference between both genders. The study follows a mixed-method methodology using a questionnaire with closed-ended items and open-ended questions. Responses to the questionnaire are collected form 207 male and female students from a public university in Saudi Arabia. In general, the results of the questionnaire are insignificant which indicate that there are no differences between both genders. However, the results of the open-ended questions show that females have a negative view of the effect of social media on human relations while males have a positive point of view. However, both genders have a positive point of view regarding balancing between friends and family in real life and virtual world through time management.

scholarly journals Correlation between Innercanthal Distance and Mesiodistal Width of Maxillary Anterior Teeth in a Thrissur, Kerala, India, Population

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 382-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamalakanth Shenoy ◽  
George Attokaran
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Anterior Teeth ◽  
High Statistical Significance ◽  
Treatment Plans ◽  
Facial Proportions ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Changes Over Time

ABSTRACT Background Selecting and replacing missing teeth to natural proportions and esthetic preference of a patient in the absence of pre-extraction records is a very challenging task. Although facial analysis and proportions are well discussed in many populations, none exists for the Thrissur, Kerala, population. A prosthodontic rehabilitation for Kerala patients relying on other racial norms may result in dissonant facial proportions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was (1) to evaluate the validity of innercanthal distance as a guide in determining the mesiodistal dimension of six maxillary anterior teeth in a selected Malayalee population in the Thrissur Municipal Corporation area; (2) to check whether innercanthal distance undergoes dynamic changes over time as a result of aging; and (3) to evaluate whether there is a gender difference in the analyzed mean facial and dental proportions in this population. Materials and methods The study was conducted on 1,200 subjects in the Thrissur Municipal Corporation area. From five wards, 240 subjects were selected, out of which 120 were from the 18 to 25 years age group and 120 from the 40 to 50 years age group. Sixty males and females were selected from each group. The innercanthal distance was measured using a Digital Vernier Caliper, and alginate impressions were made to evaluate the size of maxillary anteriors. The data was analyzed statistically. Results The study showed that there is a high statistical significance between the innercanthal distance and the mesiodistal width of six maxillary anterior teeth in females (p < 0.01) and no significance in males. There was also dynamic changes in the innercanthal dimension and the mesiodistal width of maxillary anteriors with increase in age (p < 0.001). The difference in the mean of innercanthal distance between the genders was highly statistically significant, but no significance was found between the genders in the mesiodistal width of maxillary anteriors. Conclusion Within the population evaluated, there was a high statistical significance in females between the innercanthal distance and the mesiodistal width of six maxillary anterior teeth, but not for males. Innercanthal dimension was found to undergo dynamic changes as age increases in both males and females, and it was much higher in males than in females. There was no statistical significance in the comparative evaluation of mesiodistal width of maxillary anteriors of males and females in the study. Clinical significance Teeth selection is a critical step in determining the outcome of successful prosthodontic treatment. No definite guidelines for the selection of maxillary anterior teeth pertaining to the Thrissur, Kerala, population exist. A prosthodontic rehabilitation of Thrissur, Kerala, patients relying on other racial norms will result in dissonant facial proportions. In selecting maxillary anterior teeth, the knowledge of racial norms will help specify certain esthetic and functional modifications in treatment plans, which might be specific to each group. Therefore, there remains an unquestionable need for a scientific and reliable method for maxillary anterior teeth selection, which can be applied on this group of Indian population. How to cite this article Attokaran G, Shenoy K. Correlation between Innercanthal Distance and Mesiodistal Width of Maxillary Anterior Teeth in a Thrissur, Kerala, India, Population. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(5):382-387.

scholarly journals Psychological flow and its relationship with some variables among University learners

2018 ◽  
Vol 225 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-148
Author(s):  
Dr. Alaa Abdulhassan Habib Al. aboodi
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
University Students ◽  
Basic Education ◽  
Good Level ◽  
Education College ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Scale Properties ◽  
Area Of Study

The present paper aims to identify the following: 1-Psychological flow among university students 2- Indication of the difference in the psychological flow among university students according to the gender variable (male females) 3-indication of the difference in the psychological flow among college students, according to the variable area of ​​study (scientific, humane)  4- Indication of the difference in the psychological flow among college students, according to a variable arrangement congenital, (I, II(  In order to verify this, the researcher used the psychological flow prepared in accordance with the viewpoint Mihaly scale as it has been applied to the search reached (300) students of students of Basic Education College were chosen randomly cluster, after it has been verified scale properties psychometric, the researcher suggested the results derived 1-Characterized by university students, a good level of psychological flow. For males and females equally matched by the psychological level of 2-flow there is no difference in the level of flow in the order of congenital them despite the disparate aspects of the environment that surrounds them. In light of these findings the researcher presented a set of recommendations and proposals.

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