Tissue distribution of fish antifreeze protein mRNAs

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 810-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiyuan Gong ◽  
Garth L. Fletcher ◽  
Choy L. Hew
Keyword(s):  
Northern Blot Analysis ◽  
Antifreeze Protein ◽  
The Body ◽  
Winter Flounder ◽  
Type I ◽  
Pseudopleuronectes Americanus ◽  
Sea Raven ◽  
Hemitripterus Americanus ◽  
Afp Mrna ◽  
Distribution Of Fish

The presence of fish antifreeze protein (AFP) mRNA was examined in a variety of tissues from the winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus), sea raven (Hemitripterus americanus), and ocean pout (Macrozoarces americanus), each of which contains one of the three known AFP types. Northern blot analysis indicates that whereas the AFP mRNA is restricted to liver in sea raven (type II AFP), significant amounts of mRNA are present in many other tissues in both winter flounder (type I) and ocean pout (type III). These results indicate that in sea raven, antifreeze protein synthesis only occurs in the liver, whereas in the ocean pout and winter flounder, synthesis occurs in many tissues throughout the body. These investigations are relevant to understanding the mode of action of these polypeptides.

Swimming Endurance of Some Northwest Atlantic Fishes

1966 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. H. Beamish
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Winter Flounder ◽  
Pseudopleuronectes Americanus ◽  
Northwest Atlantic ◽  
Sea Raven ◽  
Longhorn Sculpin ◽  
Hemitripterus Americanus ◽  
Swimming Endurance

Endurance was determined in relation to swimming speed and temperature for Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua Linnaeus, redfish, Sebastes marinus (Linnaeus), winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Walbaum), and to swimming speed at 8 C for longhorn sculpin, Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus (Mitchill), sea raven, Hemitripterus americanus (Gmelin), and ocean pout, Macrozoarces americanus (Block and Schneider).In an activity chamber at a swimming speed of 4 body lengths per second (BL/sec) Atlantic cod swam for about equally long periods at 5 and 8 C, and redfish and winter flounder each about equally long at 5, 8, and 11 C. The pattern was similar for higher speeds. At 14 C winter flounder swam longer at 6 BL/sec than at the lower temperatures. For swimming speeds less than 4 BL/sec all species swam longer at the higher temperatures. At 8 C, the only temperature at which all species were tested, endurance at comparable swimming speeds was greatest for winter flounder, followed by cod, redfish, longhorn sculpin, ocean pout, and sea raven.

Heat transfer between fish and ambient water

1976 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. D. Stevens ◽  
A. M. Sutterlin
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Direct Transfer ◽  
Major Fraction ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Sea Raven ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Ventral Aorta ◽  
Hemitripterus Americanus

1. The ability of fish gills to transfer heat was measured by applying a heat pulse to blood in the ventral aorta and measuring it before and after passing through the gills of a teleost, Hemitripterus americanus. 2. 80–90% of heat contained in the blood is lost during passage through the gills. 3. The fraction of heat not lost during passage through the gills is due to direct transfer of heat between the afferent and efferent artery within the gill bar. 4. The major fraction of metabolic heat (70 - 90%) is lost through the body wall and fins of the sea raven in sea water at 5 degrees C; the remainder is lost through the gills.

The effects of long day length on liver antifreeze mRNA in the winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (8) ◽  
pp. 1456-1460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ron M. Fourney ◽  
Garth L. Fletcher ◽  
Choy L. Hew
Keyword(s):  
Blot Hybridization ◽  
Winter Flounder ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Pituitary Hormone ◽  
Northern Blot Hybridization ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Pseudopleuronectes Americanus ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Afp Mrna

The effect of photoperiod on the seasonal accumulation of winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) antifreeze polypeptide (AFP) mRNA in the liver was examined. AFP mRNA levels were identified and measured by cytoplasmic dot hybridization and Northern blot hybridization procedures utilizing a nick-translated antifreeze genomic clone. Flounder maintained under conditions of 15-h long day length have both a delayed appearance and decreased accumulation of AFP mRNA. December flounder maintained under long day length had the most significant decrease in AFP mRNA levels. It was estimated that these fish contained less than 0.6% of the AFP mRNA normally found in control fish. The seasonal fluctuation of AFP mRNA in both the experimental and control fish matched closely but preceded the rise and fall of plasma AFP levels. These results suggest that long day length suppresses the rate of transcription of antifreeze genes and supports the hypothesis that photoperiod may act as the initial cue for entraining the precise activation of AFP synthesis. A pituitary hormone may be the mediator.

Studies of the Trematode Stephanostomum baccatum (Nicoll, 1907): II. Biology, with Special Reference to the Stages Affecting the Winter Flounder

1954 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 963-987 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Wolfgang
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Winter Flounder ◽  
Pseudopleuronectes Americanus ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Buccinum Undatum ◽  
Passamaquoddy Bay ◽  
Inshore Waters ◽  
Hemitripterus Americanus

Stephanostomum baccatum, an acanthocolpid trematode, has the following host succession in eastern Canadian waters: Buccinum undatum and Neptunea decemcostatum (Gastropoda), primary intermediate hosts; the six common species of pleuronenctids, second intermediate hosts; Hemitripterus americanus and Hippoglossus hippoglossus, common definitive hosts. Infection of flatfish is by penetration of the integument of the host by an atypical Ophthalmoxiphidiocercous cercaria.The infection of the winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, as investigated in Passamaquoddy Bay, N.B., shows the following characteristics:1. The infection in inshore waters is greater near open water than on shoal grounds.2. For any given location deeper water samples show a higher incidence of infection than shoal samples.3. Larger fish have heavier infections than small ones.4. The growth of the flounder is not impeded by heavy cyst infections.5. No marked seasonal variation of infection can be demonstrated. Control is impractical.

Presence of cystine-containing antifreeze proteins in the spruce bud worm, Choristoneura fumiferana

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (10) ◽  
pp. 2324-2328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Choy L. Hew ◽  
Ming Hsiung Kao ◽  
Ying-Peng So ◽  
Kiok-Puan Lim
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Acid Precipitation ◽  
Antifreeze Protein ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Structural Homology ◽  
Sea Raven ◽  
Precipitation Procedure ◽  
Gel Permeation ◽  
Hemitripterus Americanus

Using a trichloroacetic acid precipitation procedure and gel permeation high performance liquid chromatography, we have demonstrated the presence of an antifreeze protein in the second instar larvae of the spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana. This protein contained a significant amount of half-cystine and only a modest content of alanine. In a radioimmunoassay, it competed with antisera against a cystine-containing antifreeze protein from sea raven, Hemitripterus americanus, thus indicating their immunological cross-reactivity and possibly, some structural homology.

Regulation of Zn2+ Uptake from the Gastrointestinal Tract of a Marine Teleost, the Winter Flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus)

1983 ◽  
Vol 40 (S2) ◽  
pp. s197-s205 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Shears ◽  
G. L. Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
The Body ◽  
Winter Flounder ◽  
Marine Teleost ◽  
Absorption Process ◽  
Pseudopleuronectes Americanus ◽  
Intravenous Injections ◽  
Rapid Accumulation ◽  
Gastrointestinal Uptake

The gastrointestinal uptake of Zn2+ was studied in winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) using an in situ technique. The entire digestive tract was capable of absorbing Zn2+, with the uppermost portion of the intestine having the highest and the stomach the lowest capacity. A seasonal study revealed that the capacity of the digestive tract to absorb Zn2+ was greatest during the summer months. At least two steps appeared to be involved in the absorption process, the first a rapid accumulation of Zn2+ by the tissue, and the second a slower transfer into the body. The amount of Zn2+ absorbed increased with increasing loads of Zn2+ in the lumen; the transfer mechanism(s) was not saturated at the highest Zn2+ loads tested. Zn2+ uptake was inhibited in the presence of Cu2+, Cd2+, Co2+, Cr2+, Ni2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, and Hg2+. The capacity of the digestive tract to absorb Zn2+ was not affected by feeding the flounder a high-Zn2+ diet or by increasing body Zn2+ loads by intravenous injections. It is suggested that elimination mechanisms may play a greater role in maintaining Zn2+ homeostasis than controlling gastrointestinal uptake.

scholarly journals The effect of hydrophobic analogues of the type I winter flounder antifreeze protein on lipid bilayers

FEBS Letters ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 551 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 13-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie M. Tomczak ◽  
Dirk K. Hincha ◽  
John H. Crowe ◽  
Margaret M. Harding ◽  
A.D.J. Haymet
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Bilayers ◽  
Antifreeze Protein ◽  
Winter Flounder ◽  
Type I

Evidence for Antifreeze Protein Gene Transfer in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 352-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garth L. Fletcher ◽  
Margaret A. Shears ◽  
Madonna J. King ◽  
Peter L. Davies ◽  
Choy L. Hew
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Restriction Enzymes ◽  
Antifreeze Protein ◽  
Winter Flounder ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Pseudopleuronectes Americanus ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Antifreeze Polypeptides

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) freeze to death if they come into contact with ice at water temperatures below −0.7 °C. Consequently, sea-pen culture of this species in cold water is severely limited. Winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) survive in ice-laden seawater by producing a set of antifreeze polypeptides (AFP). We are attempting to make the Atlantic salmon more freeze resistant by transferring antifreeze protein genes from the winter flounder to the genome of the salmon. Salmon eggs were microinjected with linearized DNA after fertilization. Individual fingerlings (1–2 g) were analyzed for flounder AFP genes by genomic Southern blotting. DNA from 2 out of 30 fingerlings showed hybridization to the flounder DNA probe. Hybridization bands following cleavage by restriction enzymes Sst l and Bam HI were identical to those of the injected DNA. Hybridization following Hind III digestion indicated that the flounder AFP gene was linked to the salmon genome. These hybridization signals were absent in the DNA from control fish. The intensity of the hybridization signals indicated that there was on average at least one copy of the AFP gene present per cell.

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