Foraging by red bats (Lasiurus borealis): do intraspecific chases mean territoriality?

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (12) ◽  
pp. 2477-2482 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. C. Hickey ◽  
M. B. Fenton
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Prey Density ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Foraging Activity ◽  
Territorial Behaviour ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
Lasiurus Borealis ◽  
Echolocation Calls ◽  
Feeding Sites ◽  
Prey Individual

Thirteen individually marked Lasiurus borealis concentrated their foraging around lights where insect densities were higher than in surrounding dark areas. The marked bats foraged for an average of 113.1 min per night, attacked an insect every 30 s, and captured, on average, 40% of the insects they attacked. This translated to a nightly food consumption of 6.2 g of insects, or 42% of the bats' body mass. The bats selected large (body length >10 mm) moths significantly more often than predicted by their availability, but the foraging activity of the bats did not significantly deplete the patches of prey. Individual L. borealis preferred certain lights within the feeding site and intraspecific chases were common, but there was no significant relationship between prey density and the incidence of chases, and the chases did not result in individuals being excluded from the feeding areas. Our data support the hypothesis that individual L. borealis eavesdrop on the echolocation calls of conspecifics to identify the presence of prey and that conspecific chases at feeding sites are not evidence of territorial behaviour.

Feeding behaviour of the predatory nematodes Laimydorus baldus and Discolaimus major (Nematoda: Dorylaimida)

Nematology ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anwar L. Bilgrami ◽  
Randy Gaugler
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Prey Density ◽  
Predation Rate ◽  
Rice Root ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
Feeding Sites ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Feeding Duration ◽  
Feeding Activities ◽  
Rice Root Nematode

Abstract Feeding activities of the predatory nematodes Laimydorus baldus and Discolaimus major were studied under laboratory conditions in relation to temperature (5–40°C), prey density (25–250 individuals), predator starvation (0–12 days) and prey incubation (4–24 h) using the rice root nematode, Hirschmanniella oryzae, as prey. Prey search duration, rate of predation, and the number and duration of predators feeding and aggregating at feeding sites were studied. Discolaimus major killed more prey, and fed and aggregated longer than L. baldus. Predator activities at the feeding site were optimal at 30°C. Predators starved for 6 days required the briefest prey search duration, and remained aggregated at the feeding site for a longer duration. Predators were increasingly efficient at search prey as prey density increased. Prey search and feeding durations were shortest when prey nematodes were incubated between 8–16 h. Predation rate was optimal when prey were incubated for 16 h. Prey search and killing abilities of L. baldus and D. major were governed by temperature, prey density, starvation and prey incubation, and depended upon feeding duration, number of predators feeding and aggregating at the feeding sites.

Habitat use by foraging insectivorous bats

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Furlonger ◽  
H. J. Dewar ◽  
M. B. Fenton
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Use ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Foraging Activity ◽  
Insectivorous Bats ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
Lasiurus Borealis ◽  
Lasiurus Cinereus ◽  
Echolocation Calls ◽  
Study Sites

We monitored echolocation calls to measure the activity of insectivorous bats at study sites in southwestern Ontario during the summer of 1985, relying on feeding buzzes to identify foraging activity. Eptesicus fuscus was the most common and widespread species in the area, while Lasiurus cinereus and Lasiurus borealis were widespread. Species in the genus Myotis were more restricted in their distribution, being more common in an area with potential hibernacula. None of the species foraged exclusively in one habitat and all species exploited concentrations of insects around lights. Only E. fuscus made significant use of lights as foraging sites in urban areas while in town and rural areas all of the species foraged around lights.

scholarly journals Ecological and Behavioral Drivers of Supplemental Feeding Use by Roe Deer Capreolus capreolus in a Peri-Urban Context

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2088
Author(s):  
Federico Ossi ◽  
Nathan Ranc ◽  
Paul Moorcroft ◽  
Priscilla Bonanni ◽  
Francesca Cagnacci
Keyword(s):  
Roe Deer ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Capreolus Capreolus ◽  
Camera Traps ◽  
Circular Statistics ◽  
Supplemental Feeding ◽  
Urban Context ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
Feeding Sites ◽  
Use Of Resources

Winter supplemental feeding of ungulates potentially alters their use of resources and ecological interactions, yet relatively little is known about the patterns of feeding sites use by target populations. We used camera traps to continuously monitor winter and spring feeding site use in a roe deer population living in a peri-urban area in Northern Italy. We combined circular statistics with generalized additive and linear mixed models to analyze the diel and seasonal pattern of roe deer visits to feeding sites, and the behavioral drivers influencing visit duration. Roe deer visits peaked at dawn and dusk, and decreased from winter to spring when vegetation regrows and temperature increases. Roe deer mostly visited feeding sites solitarily; when this was not the case, they stayed longer at the site, especially when conspecifics were eating, but maintained a bimodal diel pattern of visits. These results support an opportunistic use of feeding sites, following seasonal cycles and the roe deer circadian clock. Yet, the attractiveness of these artificial resources has the potential to alter intra-specific relationships, as competition for their use induces gatherings and may extend the contact time between individuals, with potential behavioral and epidemiological consequences.

Feeding-Site Selection and Foraging Strategies of American Woodcock

The Auk ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 711-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale L. Rabe ◽  
Harold H. Prince ◽  
Donald L. Beaver
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Search Pattern ◽  
Foraging Strategies ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
American Woodcock ◽  
Feeding Sites ◽  
Scolopax Minor ◽  
Moisture Regimes ◽  
Feeding Site Selection

Abstract Live-trapped, adult American Woodcock (Scolopax minor) were tested in a series of laboratory experiments designed to evaluate the role of soil as a proximal cue for selecting feeding sites and to investigate foraging strategies for capturing earthworms (Lumbricidae). Foraging trials were conducted in a circular arena and showed that color, which tends to be correlated with the soil types and moisture regimes preferred by earthworms, was an important proximal cue for selecting feeding sites. Woodcock captured earthworms most efficiently in areas of relatively high prey density, because they used a nonrandom search pattern following an initial capture.

The reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus macrosoma, infecting olive in southern Spain

Nematology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Castillo ◽  
Nicola Vovlas ◽  
Alberto Troccoli
Keyword(s):  
Southern Spain ◽  
Reniform Nematode ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
Feeding Sites ◽  
Heavy Soil ◽  
Soil Infestation ◽  
Olea Europea ◽  
Wild Olive ◽  
Pericycle Cells

Abstract Severe root infection of wild olive (Olea europea L. ssp. sylvestris), together with heavy soil infestation by the reniform nematode Rotylenchulus macrosoma, was detected in a natural wild olive orchard on sandy soil in Cádiz province, Andalucía, southern Spain. Most, but not all, of the morphometric characters of this population agreed with those reported for immature and adult females and males in previously studied populations. Sedentary immature and mature females showed a semi-endoparasitic feeding habit in wild and cultivated olives (cvs Arbequina and Picual). Naturally infected roots of wild olive responded to nematode infection identically to artificially infected olive planting stocks. The feeding site induced by R. macrosoma on olive roots consists of a stelar syncytium, which originates from an endodermal cell enlarging by a curved sheet of pericycle cells formed by hypertrophy of pericycle cells adjacent to the feeding cell. There were obvious anatomical differences between the feeding sites induced by R. macrosoma and R. macrodoratus on olive roots.

scholarly journals Development of a foraging model framework to reliably estimate daily food consumption by young fishes

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (10) ◽  
pp. 1668-1681 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Deslauriers ◽  
Alex J. Rosburg ◽  
Steven R. Chipps
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Prey Density ◽  
Handling Time ◽  
Prey Type ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Model Framework ◽  
Fish Feeding ◽  
Daily Food Consumption ◽  
Daily Food

We developed a foraging model for young fishes that incorporates handling and digestion rate to estimate daily food consumption. Feeding trials were used to quantify functional feeding response, satiation, and gut evacuation rate. Once parameterized, the foraging model was then applied to evaluate effects of prey type, prey density, water temperature, and fish size on daily feeding rate by age-0 (19–70 mm) pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus). Prey consumption was positively related to prey density (for fish >30 mm) and water temperature, but negatively related to prey size and the presence of sand substrate. Model evaluation results revealed good agreement between observed estimates of daily consumption and those predicted by the model (r2 = 0.95). Model simulations showed that fish feeding on Chironomidae or Ephemeroptera larvae were able to gain mass, whereas fish feeding solely on zooplankton lost mass under most conditions. By accounting for satiation and digestive processes in addition to handling time and prey density, the model provides realistic estimates of daily food consumption that can prove useful for evaluating rearing conditions for age-0 fishes.

Habitat use by spotted bats (Euderma maculatum, Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae): roosting and foraging behaviour

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (7) ◽  
pp. 1487-1491 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Leonard ◽  
M. B. Fenton
Keyword(s):  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Foraging Behaviour ◽  
Meteorological Factors ◽  
Heavy Rain ◽  
Foraging Activity ◽  
Defensive Behaviour ◽  
Echolocation Calls ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Flying Insects ◽  
Feeding Area

The purpose of this study was to collect data on the foraging and roosting behaviour of Euderma maculatum in the Okanagan Valley of southern British Columbia. The work was performed in the summer of 1981. Bats concentrated their foraging activity in open areas adjacent to ponderosa pine. None of the over 1000 attempted captures of prey we witnessed involved E. maculatum gleaning insects from ground or foliage, and we question the idea that big-eared bats are gleaners. Some attacks on flying insects involve steep dives to the ground, presumably in response to the defensive behaviour of prey. Spotted bats foraged alone, avoiding one another apparently by listening to the echolocation calls of conspecifics. Intrusion by one bat into the feeding area of another resulted in an altercation which stopped when one bat left the area. Heavy rain may have inhibited foraging flights, but there was no evidence that other meteorological factors or moonlight significantly inhibited foraging activity. The bats roosted alone in steep cliff faces and two radio-tagged individuals returned consistently to the same cliff face to roost. Departure was presumably influenced by light levels, as bats departed earlier on cloudy nights than on bright ones.

scholarly journals Effect of terrain heterogeneity on feeding site selection and livestock movement patterns

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek W. Bailey ◽  
Mitchell B. Stephenson ◽  
Marco Pittarello
Keyword(s):  
Site Selection ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Heterogeneous Environments ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
Gps Collars ◽  
Feeding Sites ◽  
Nutrient Profiles ◽  
Tracking Period ◽  
Feeding Site Selection

Feeding site selection is a critical part of livestock foraging that can constrain and/or increase the choices available during diet selection. When livestock choose new feeding sites, vegetation and nutrient profiles can differ from other areas, especially in heterogeneous environments with rugged terrain. Correspondingly, livestock should remain longer in feeding sites in rugged heterogeneous pastures than in homogeneous pastures where animals may alternate among feeding sites to facilitate diet mixing and to prevent satiation. The objective of this study was evaluate how terrain and corresponding heterogeneity may affect the sequence and pattern of feeding site selection of free-roaming livestock. Grazing patterns of mature cows were evaluated on six ranches located in Arizona, Montana and New Mexico. In total, 11–19 cows were tracked for 1–3-month periods at each ranch by using global positioning system (GPS) collars. Positions were recorded at 10- or 15-min intervals and used to identify where cows grazed during the early morning (0500 hours to 1000 hours). Pastures (336–9740 ha) at each ranch were divided into seven to nine sections (48–1082 ha) as an indicator of feeding sites. Classification was based on cattle density and topographical and vegetation types. Sequences of daily section selection were evaluated using transition matrixes. For all ranches, the sequence of section selection differed from what would be expected by chance, indicating that the section selected on the following day depended on the section selected on the previous day. For ranches with relatively gentle terrain, cattle selected different feeding sites ~70% of the tracking period. In contrast, cows at the ranch with the largest pasture and enclosing both mountainous and gentle terrain stayed in the same feeding site for over 10 successive days for 42% of the tracking period. Smaller pastures with only mountainous terrain were intermediate. Cows grazing gentle topography and relatively homogeneous vegetation alternated among feeding sites (sections in the present study) more frequently than cows grazing pastures with more rugged topography and more heterogeneous vegetation. This pattern could help livestock mix forages and select a more diverse diet.

scholarly journals Differences in Feeding Sites Induced by Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., in Chickpea

2005 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 368-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Vovlas ◽  
Hava F. Rapoport ◽  
Rafael M. Jiménez Díaz ◽  
Pablo Castillo
Keyword(s):  
Giant Cell ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
Feeding Sites ◽  
Meloidogyne Spp ◽  
Meloidogyne Species

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are sedentary, obligate endoparasites in plants, where they induce specialized feeding sites. The feeding sites act as strong metabolic sinks to which photosynthates are mobilized. The histopathological modifications in the nematode-induced feeding sites of artificially inoculated chickpea cv. UC 27 were qualitatively and quantitatively compared using five isolates of M. artiellia and one isolate each of M. arenaria, M. incognita, and M. javanica. All Meloidogyne isolates infected chickpea plants, but root gall thickening was significantly less for M. artiellia isolates than for the other Meloidogyne species. Nevertheless, neither the number of giant cells in the feeding site (averaging four to six) nor the area of individual giant cells was influenced by nematode species or isolate. However, the number of nuclei per giant cell was significantly smaller, and the maximum diameters of nuclei and nucleoli were significantly greater, in giant cells induced by M. artiellia isolates than in those induced by M. arenaria, M. incognita, or M. javanica. In a second experiment, M. artiellia-induced giant cells in faba bean and rapeseed also contained a small number of large nuclei.

Food Consumption of Walleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) and Sauger (S. canadense) in Relation to Food Availability and Physical Conditions in Lake of the Woods, Minnesota, Shagawa Lake, and Western Lake Superior

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (10) ◽  
pp. 1643-1654 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Swenson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Yellow Perch ◽  
Prey Density ◽  
Lake Superior ◽  
Stizostedion Vitreum ◽  
Lake Of The Woods ◽  
Daily Food Consumption ◽  
Western Lake ◽  
Daily Food

Measurement of walleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) daily food consumption rates and prey density in Lake of the Woods, Minnesota, Shagawa Lake, and western Lake Superior showed a general relationship exists between the two variables. Daily food consumption increased from 1 to 3% of body weight at prey densities up to 400 mg∙m−3. Abundance of age 0 yellow perch (Perca flavescens) in Lake of the Woods, Minnesota, and Shagawa Lake resulted in much higher prey densities and daily food consumption to 4% of body weight. In Lake Superior where walleye fed exclusively on rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax), prey density did not exceed 300 mg ∙m−3 and daily food consumption averaged less than 2.5% of body weight.Hourly food consumption by walleye changed in response to variation in prey availability and light intensity. Night feeding predominated during July and August when walleye fed on pelagic age 0 yellow perch. Feeding appeared to be continuous or crepuscular during June and September when larger demersal prey fish or invertebrates were eaten. Food consumption declined when prey concentrated near aquatic macrophytes and under conditions of high light intensity. Walleye daily food consumption was not influenced by a change in temperature from 20 to 15 °C.Daily food consumption of Lake of the Woods, Minnesota sauger (Stizostedion canadense) averaged less than walleye and was influenced by wave activity and prey density. Demersal prey was utilized by sauger throughout the 24 h-day. Key words: Percidae, food consumption, behavior, feeding, walleye, Stizostedion vitreum vitreum, sauger, S. canadense, light

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