Catecholamine-containing, serotonin-like, and FMRFamide-like immunoreactive neurons and processes in the nervous system of the early actinotroch larva of Phoronis vancouverensis (Phoronida): distribution and development

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 1525-1536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Hay-Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Glyoxylic Acid ◽  
Ventral Side ◽  
Ciliary Band ◽  
The Future ◽  
Apical Ganglion

The distribution and development of neurons and nerve processes containing the putative neurotransmitters catecholamines (CA), serotonin-like immunoreactivity (5-HT-ir), and FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity (FMRFamide-ir) have been investigated by means of glyoxylic acid induced fluorescence in CA and antibodies against 5-HT and FMRFamide in the 0- to 6-tentacle actinotroch larvae of Phoronis vancouverensis Pixell, 1912. CA and 5-HT-ir were observed in the apical ganglion at all stages (beginning at the early 0-tentacle stage); FMRFamide-ir appeared first at the late 0-tentacle stage. The CA-containing cells are located in a ring at the periphery of the apical ganglion, whereas the 5-HT-immunoreactive cells form a U-shaped area in the centre of the epistome. In late 0-tentacle stages, CA, 5-HT-ir, and FMRFamide-ir are found in processes along the future ciliary band of the tentacles and the margin of the epistome. At the 2-tentacle stage, processes are observed in the apical ganglion extending from the neuropil towards the tentacles and the margin of the epistome. At the 4- to 6-tentacle stage, processes loosely concentrated in large bundles are found along the epistome margin projecting on the ventral side of the mesosome towards the tentacles (CA, 5-HT-ir, and FMRFamide-ir), extending from the apical ganglion towards the tentacles (5-HT-ir and FMRFamide-ir), along the ciliary band of the tentacles (CA, 5-HT-ir, and FMRFamide-ir), and along the posterior ciliary band (CA, 5-HT-ir, and FMRFamide-ir).

Bioelectrodes for Neural Prostheses

1985 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Terry Hambrecht
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Urinary Bladder ◽  
Cochlear Implants ◽  
Neural Prostheses ◽  
The Future ◽  
Spinal Cord Disorders ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Auditory Prostheses

ABSTRACTNeural prostheses which are commercially available include cochlear implants for treating certain forms of deafness and urinary bladder evacuation prostheses for individuals with spinal cord disorders. In the future we can anticipate improvements in bioelectrodes and biomaterials which should permit more sophisticated devices such as visual prostheses for the blind and auditory prostheses for the deaf based on microstimulation of the central nervous system.

Novocaine block of the nervous system by prof. A.V. Vishnevsky in the treatment of burns and frostbite

1935 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-67
Author(s):  
V. M. Osipovsky
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Thermal Damage ◽  
Production Unit ◽  
Collective Farm ◽  
State Farm ◽  
The Future ◽  
Thermal Injuries ◽  
Future War ◽  
Number Of Treatment

The existing methods for treating thermal injuries (burns and frostbite) have a number of requirements from a practical surgeon: the method must be simple, cheap, effective and, most importantly, it must reduce the number of treatment days as much as possible and thus allow for faster return to the collective farm, state farm or production unit. In addition, it also has a defensive effect. Whereas during the last imperialist and civil war the number of thermal damage (especially burns) was quite significant, in the future war the number of thermal damage will probably increase even more.

MEASLES ENCEPHALITIS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 811-818
Author(s):  
Samuel Karelitz ◽  
Melvin Eisenberg
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Supportive Therapy ◽  
The Future

The histories of 42 patients with measles encephalitis were reviewed to evaluate the treatment, in particular to determine whether adrenal corticosteroids or adrenocorticotropin were helpful, beyond the results with usual supportive therapy. There were no fatalities, but 13 patients had central nervous system sequelae on discharge; 9 of these had been treated with, and 4 without ACTH and/or corticosteroids. Re-examination of 20 of the 42 cases 2 to 7 years after discharge from the hospital revealed that of 14 children treated during the acute phase of encephalitis with ACTH and/or corticosteroids, 12 had central nervous system sequelae, while only 6 of these 12 had manifested complications on discharge. Four of 6 untreated patients among the 20 followed-up had central nervous system sequelae, as compared to 4 of 22 at the time of discharge from the hospital. The patient's condition on discharge from the hospital did not accurately indicate the future course; some sequelae became manifest later, others disappeared, some became milder and others worse. Adrenal corticosteroids and ACTH administered to these patients did not prevent central nervous system complications. The advisability of the use of these hormones in the management of measles encephalitis is questioned. The survival of 42 consecutive patients indicates that some fatalities may be prevented by constant supervision and intensive supportive therapy.

scholarly journals On the question of fractional activity (“all or none" phenomenon) in mammalian reflex phenomena

1913 ◽  
Vol 87 (593) ◽  
pp. 132-144 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Present Moment ◽  
The Future

At the present moment the question whether or not there is a state of “all or nothing” activity in reflex arcs seems to be raised, and it is one of importance to the future of investigation of the functions of the nervous system. Of the two views which may be held regarding the manner of the activity of reflex arcs one is that in which it is supposed that the efferent neurone may react with different degrees of intensity in different reflex activities, and that the afferent neurones may play with different degrees of intensity upon efferent neurones or upon interposed neurones.

The nervous system of a pilidium larva: evidence from electron microscope reconstructions

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (8) ◽  
pp. 1909-1916 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. C. Lacalli ◽  
J. E. West
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Similar Type ◽  
Ciliary Band ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Larval Nervous System ◽  
Marginal Band ◽  
Friday Harbor ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
First Time

The principal ultrastructural features of a pilidium larva from Friday Harbor (pilidium A, unidentified as to species) are summarized and, based on electron microscope reconstructions, the larval nervous system is described for the first time. Ciliary effectors in the larva include the marginal ciliary band, which is drawn out to form a small accessory ridge at each of the junctions between lobes, and a pair of suboral (buccal) ridges, one on either side of the stomodeum, that run between the mouth and marginal band. The nervous system consists of a small intratrochal nerve supplying the marginal band, an oral nerve that encircles the mouth at the junction of stomodeum and stomach, and a pair of nerves connecting these that run beneath the suboral ridges. The nerve fibres appear to arise from uniciliate cells in the marginal band and the suboral region. The organization, innervation, and behavior of pilidium A are discussed briefly with reference to Müller's larva, a related larva with a similar type of trochal innervation.

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