Selective factors in the evolution of insect wings: response to Kukalová-Peck

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 785-787 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel G. Kingsolver ◽  
M. A. R. Koehl
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Early Evolution ◽  
The Body ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Insect Wings ◽  
Selection For

Kukalová-Peck (J. Kukalová-Peck. 1987. Can. J. Zool. 65: 2327–2345) has recently criticized the hypothesis that selection for increased thermoregulatory capacity was important in the early evolution of wings from protowings. Here we argue that the current paleontological, embryological, and experimental evidence cannot be used to reject the thermoregulatory hypothesis. Experimental studies of aerodynamics and thermoregulation suggest that knowledge of the body size of ancestral pterygotes is crucial to evaluating the relative importance of aerodynamic and thermoregulatory factors in the evolution of flight.

scholarly journals Sized-related changes in winter condition of male calves in reindeer

Rangifer ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Helle ◽  
E. Pulliainen ◽  
J. Aspi
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Food Competition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Length Ratio ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Winter Condition ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Snow Conditions ◽  
Free Ranging

<p>Size-related changes in body condition of free-ranging male calves of semi-domesticated reindeer were studied in northern Finland from October 1983 to February 1984. In October-November, back fat depth or muscle fat percent correlated positively with the body size (=back length). In January, the highest means especially for muscle fat percent were found among medium-sized calves. Carcass weight and weight/back length ratio correlated positively with size, excluding February sample, where correlation for carcass weight was non-significant and for weight/back length ratio negative. Weight in the autumn correlated negatively with weight in February. Therefore, normalizing selection for body size (working against small and large phenotypes) is expected to occur in late winter. Small calves may be at greater mortality risk because of lower initial body reserves. Large calves commonly disperse during the rutting season and they may suffer most from increased food competition later in winter. Using of medium-sized calves for breeding might be the safest policy on ranges characterized by short food supply and difficult snow conditions.</p><p>Koon vaikutus poron urosvasojen talviseen kuntoon.</p><p>Abstract in Finnish / Tiivistelm&auml;: Koon vaikutusta vapaana laiduntavien poron urosvasojen kuntoon tutkittiin Pohjois-Suomessa loka-helmikuussa talvella 1983-84. Loka-marraskuussa selk&auml;rasvan paksuus tai lihaksen rasvaprosentti riippui vasan koosta ( = sel&auml;n pituus). Tammikuussa sen sijaan lihaksen rasvaprosentti oli korkein keskikokoisilla vasoilla. Ruhopaino sek&auml; ruhopaino/sel&auml;n pituus oli yleensa riippuvainen koosta. Helmikuussa ruhopainon riippuvuus koosta ei ollut en&auml;&auml; tilastollisesti merkitsev&auml;, ja koon ja ruhopainon/sel&auml;npituuden v&auml;linen korrelaatio oli negatiivinen. Eniten painoa menettiv&auml;t (%) loka-helmikuun v&auml;lill&auml; suurikokoisimmat vasat. Havainnot viittaavat siihen, ett&auml; talvella esiintyv&auml; kuolleisuus on normalisoivaa koon suhteen (karsii pieni&auml; ja suuria fenotyyppej&auml;). Pienten vasojen kuolleisuusriski on suuri alunperinkin v&auml;h&auml;isen varastoravinnon vuoksi. Suuret vasat puolestaan erkaantuvat usein emist&auml;&auml;n jo rykim&auml;aikana, ja joutuvat k&auml;rsim&auml;&auml;n eniten talven mittaan kiristyv&auml;st&auml; ravintokilpailusta. Niukoilla laitumilla siitokseen on turvallisinta s&auml;&auml;st&auml;&auml; keskikokoisia vasoja.</p><p>Sammenhengen mellom st&oslash;rrelse og vinterkondisjon hos hankalver av reinsdyr.</p><p>Abstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag: St&oslash;rrelses-relaterte forandringer i kroppskondisjon hos fritt beitende han-kalver av semidomestiserte rein er studert i Nord-Finland fra oktober 1983 til februar 1984. I oktober - november korrelerte tykkelsen av ryggfettet eller muskelfett-prosenten positivt med kroppsst&oslash;rrelsen (= rygglengden). I januar ble de h&oslash;yeste middelverdier, s&aelig;rlig for muskelfett-prosenten, funnet hos kalver av middels st&oslash;rrelse. Skrott-vekter og vekt/rygglengde-forholdet korrelerte positivt med kroppsst&oslash;rrelse bortsett fra februar-pr&oslash;vene, der korrellasjonen for skrott-vekt var ikke-signifikant og for vekt/rygglengde-forholdet var negativt. Vekt om h&oslash;sten korrelerte negativt med vekt i februar. Derfor ventes et normaliserende utvalg for kroppsvekt (som arbeider mot sm&aring; og store fenotyper) &aring; skje p&aring; senvinteren. Sm&aring; kalver er utsatt for st&oslash;rre d&oslash;dsrisiko p&aring; grunn av lavere kroppsreserver. Store kalver streifer vanligvis under brunsttiden og kan komme til &aring; lide under &oslash;kt n&aelig;ringskonkurranse p&aring; senvinteren. Bruk av middels store kalver i avlen kan v&aelig;re den sikreste metode p&aring; beiter som karakteriseres av d&aring;rlige n&aelig;ringstilgang og vanskelige sn&oslash;forhold.</p>

scholarly journals Whole Genome Sequencing Reveals Signatures for Artificial Selection for Different Sizes in Japanese Primitive Dog Breeds

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangqi Lyu ◽  
Chunyu Feng ◽  
Shiyu Zhu ◽  
Shuang Ren ◽  
Wanyi Dang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Whole Genome Sequencing ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Artificial Selection ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Sliding Windows ◽  
Selection For

Body size is an important trait in companion animals. Recently, a primitive Japanese dog breed, the Shiba Inu, has experienced artificial selection for smaller body size, resulting in the “Mame Shiba Inu” breed. To identify loci and genes that might explain the difference in the body size of these Shiba Inu dogs, we applied whole genome sequencing of pooled samples (pool-seq) on both Shiba Inu and Mame Shiba Inu. We identified a total of 13,618,261 unique SNPs in the genomes of these two breeds of dog. Using selective sweep approaches, including FST, Hp and XP-CLR with sliding windows, we identified a total of 12 genomic windows that show signatures of selection that overlap with nine genes (PRDM16, ZNF382, ZNF461, ERGIC2, ENSCAFG00000033351, CCDC61, ALDH3A2, ENSCAFG00000011141, and ENSCAFG00000018533). These results provide candidate genes and specific sites that might be associated with body size in dogs. Some of these genes are associated with body size in other mammals, but 8 of the 9 genes are novel candidate genes that need further study.

scholarly journals Host selection for selfsuperparasitism by Diaeretiella rapae (MIntosh) (Hymenoptera Aphidiidae)

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
pp. 37-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kant ◽  
M.A. Minor ◽  
S.A. Trewick ◽  
W.R.M. Sandanayaka
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Host Selection ◽  
Reproductive Fitness ◽  
Brevicoryne Brassicae ◽  
The Body ◽  
Diaeretiella Rapae ◽  
Cabbage Aphid ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Repeated Attack

Superparasitism (repeated oviposition in same host) indicates either a fitness benefit for the parasitoid or an inability of ovipositing females to discriminate parasitised versus unparasitised hosts Superparasitism in Diaeretiella rapae the solitary endoparasitoid of cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae was studied in the laboratory When given a choice of parasitised and unparasitised aphids 70 of females made their attack on unparasitised hosts first even though alreadyparasitised aphids were less defensive to parasitoid attack and ovipositing females had shorter hosthandling time The female superparasitised hosts during repeated attack and the large hosts were superparasitised more often than the small ones Although superparasitised hosts carried two to five parasitoid larvae only one larva developed into an adult The body size of parasitoid larvae as measured 4 days after oviposition was affected by the total number of larvae in the host Superparasitism strategies of D rapae are discussed in the context of reproductive fitness

The Body Size of Headstarted and Wild Juvenile European Pond Turtles (Emys orbicularis)

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
Sławomir Mitrus ◽  
Bartłomiej Najbar ◽  
Adam Kotowicz ◽  
Anna Najbar
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
The Body ◽  
Emys Orbicularis

scholarly journals First record of Pachycrocuta brevirostris (Gervais, 1850) from Ukraine on the background of the European occurrence of the species

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Marciszak ◽  
Yuriy Semenov ◽  
Piotr Portnicki ◽  
Tamara Derkach
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
First Record ◽  
The Body ◽  
Crocuta Crocuta ◽  
Early Pleistocene ◽  
Eastern Asia ◽  
South Eastern

AbstractCranial material ofPachycrocuta brevirostrisfrom the late Early Pleistocene site of Nogaisk is the first record of this species in Ukraine. This large hyena was a representative of the Tamanian faunal complex and a single specialised scavenger in these faunas. The revisited European records list ofP.brevirostrisdocumented the presence of this species in 101 sites, dated in the range of 3.5–0.4 Ma. This species first disappeared in Africa, survived in Europe until ca. 0.8–0.7 Ma, and its last, relict occurrence was known from south-eastern Asia. The main reason of extinction ofP.brevirostrisprobably was the competition withCrocuta crocuta. The cave hyena was smaller, but its teeth were proportionally larger to the body size, better adapted to crushing bones and slicing meat, and could also hunt united in larger groups.

scholarly journals Insect body size changes under future warming projections: a case study of Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera)

Hydrobiologia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rungtip Wonglersak ◽  
Phillip B. Fenberg ◽  
Peter G. Langdon ◽  
Stephen J. Brooks ◽  
Benjamin W. Price
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Wing Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mesocosm Experiments ◽  
Future Warming ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Emergence Date ◽  
Average Body

AbstractChironomids are a useful group for investigating body size responses to warming due to their high local abundance and sensitivity to environmental change. We collected specimens of six species of chironomids every 2 weeks over a 2-year period (2017–2018) from mesocosm experiments using five ponds at ambient temperature and five ponds at 4°C higher than ambient temperature. We investigated (1) wing length responses to temperature within species and between sexes using a regression analysis, (2) interspecific body size responses to test whether the body size of species influences sensitivity to warming, and (3) the correlation between emergence date and wing length. We found a significantly shorter wing length with increasing temperature in both sexes of Procladius crassinervis and Tanytarsus nemorosus, in males of Polypedilum sordens, but no significant relationship in the other three species studied. The average body size of a species affects the magnitude of the temperature-size responses in both sexes, with larger species shrinking disproportionately more with increasing temperature. There was a significant decline in wing length with emergence date across most species studied (excluding Polypedilum nubeculosum and P. sordens), indicating that individuals emerging later in the season tend to be smaller.

scholarly journals Potential host ranges of three Asian larval parasitoids of Drosophila suzukii

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kent M. Daane ◽  
Xingeng Wang ◽  
Brian N. Hogg ◽  
Antonio Biondi
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
The Body ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Egg Load ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Larval Parasitoids ◽  
Female Body Size

AbstractAsobara japonica (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Ganaspis brasiliensis and Leptopilina japonica (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) are Asian larval parasitoids of spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae). This study evaluated these parasitoids’ capacity to attack and develop from 24 non-target drosophilid species. Results showed that all three parasitoids were able to parasitize host larvae of multiple non-target species in artificial diet; A. japonica developed from 19 tested host species, regardless of the phylogenetic position of the host species, L. japonica developed from 11 tested species; and G. brasiliensis developed from only four of the exposed species. Success rate of parasitism (i.e., the probability that an adult wasp successfully emerged from a parasitized host) by the two figitid parasitoids was low in hosts other than the three species in the melanogaster group (D. melanogaster, D. simulans, and D. suzukii). The failure of the figitids to develop in most of the tested host species appears to correspond with more frequent encapsulation of the parasitoids by the hosts. The results indicate that G. brasiliensis is the most host specific to D. suzukii, L. japonica attacks mainly species in the melanogaster group and A. japonica is a generalist, at least physiologically. Overall, the developmental time of the parasitoids increased with the host’s developmental time. The body size of female A. japonica (as a model species) was positively related to host size, and mature egg load of female wasps increased with female body size. We discuss the use of these parasitoids for classical biological control of D. suzukii.

Prey Body Size and Ranking in Zooarchaeology: Theory, Empirical Evidence, and Applications from the Northern Great Basin

2011 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack M. Broughton ◽  
Michael D. Cannon ◽  
Frank E. Bayham ◽  
David A. Byers
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Great Basin ◽  
Diet Breadth ◽  
Foraging Theory ◽  
Return Rate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Foraging Efficiency ◽  
Large Prey ◽  
Abundance Indices ◽  
Game Hunting

The use of body size as an index of prey rank in zooarchaeology has fostered a widely applied approach to understanding variability in foraging efficiency. This approach has, however, been critiqued—most recently by the suggestion that large prey have high probabilities of failed pursuits. Here, we clarify the logic and history of using body size as a measure of prey rank and summarize empirical data on the body size-return rate relationship. With few exceptions, these data document strong positive relationships between prey size and return rate. We then illustrate, with studies from the Great Basin, the utility of body size-based abundance indices (e.g., the Artiodactyl Index) when used as one component of multidimensional analyses of prehistoric diet breadth. We use foraging theory to derive predictions about Holocene variability in diet breadth and test those predictions using the Artiodactyl Index and over a dozen other archaeological indices. The results indicate close fits between the predictions and the data and thus support the use of body size-based abundance indices as measures of foraging efficiency. These conclusions have implications for reconstructions of Holocene trends in large game hunting in western North America and for zooarchaeological applications of foraging theory in general.

Blood Circulation in Insect Wings

1964 ◽  
Vol 96 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 98-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Blood Circulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Insect Wings ◽  
Wing Structure ◽  
Wing Veins ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
Modified Forms ◽  
Surrounding Membrane

Despite their inert appearance, the wings of insects are living appendages and are supplied with blood. This is true for definitive wings as well as for developing ones, and for modified wings such as tegmina, elytra, hemelytra, and halteres as for those that are specialized for flight. Typically the blood circulates only through the wing veins, but in some insects it escapes into the surrounding membrane in certain areas, and in highly modified forms it may be entirely unconfined. The course of circulation is basically the same in the wings of most insects. It flows outward from the body in the costo-medial veins, moves toward the posterior margins via cross-veins, and returns to the body through the cubito-anal veins and axillary cord. However, rhe precise route followed is highly variable concomitant with distinctive patterns of venation in different taxonomic groups and with wing structure. This is illustrated for a number of orders.

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