Host–parasite relationships between burbot (Lota lota) and adult Salmincola lotae (Copepoda)

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (11) ◽  
pp. 2459-2463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Becky A. Lasee ◽  
Daniel R. Sutherland ◽  
Maryjo E. Moubry
Keyword(s):  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Parasitic Copepod ◽  
Tissue Reaction ◽  
Primary Host ◽  
Lota Lota ◽  
Leucocyte Infiltration ◽  
Parasite Feeding ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Host Tissues

The pathology elicited by the parasitic copepod Salmincola lotae and its distribution within the oral cavity of the burbot, Lota lota, is described. Of 50 burbot examined from the Apostle Islands region, Lake Superior, near Bayfield, WI, 18 (36%) were infested with S. lotae. A total of 63 copepods were recovered. Burbot were examined from three Lake Michigan collecting sites: 70 from Sturgeon Bay, 9 from Manitowoc, and 60 from Sheboygan were not infested with S. lotae. Salmincola lotae appears to prefer middle regions of the roof of the mouth. Mechanical damage to host tissues resulting from copepod presence included epidermal shredding from parasite feeding and lesions from bulla excavation and implantation. Epidermal encapsulation of the second maxillae of S. lotae was the primary host tissue reaction. Increased dermal vascularization and leucocyte infiltration occurred in regions of parasite attachment. This is the first report of S. lotae from the Nearctic.

Host–Parasite Relationships Between Sockeye Salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, and Salmincola californiensis (Copepoda: Lernaeopodidae)

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Kabata ◽  
B. Cousens
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Fork Length ◽  
Parasitic Copepod ◽  
Size Groups ◽  
Branchial Cavity ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
First Time

The distribution of the parasitic copepod, Salmincola californiensis, on two size-groups (fry, fork length 3.2–5.8 cm; juveniles, fork length 10.2–27.0) of the sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, is described. The existence of preferred sites for both groups is established. The distribution on the smaller fish differs from that on the larger in that on the former the copepods are most abundant in the region of pectoral and pelvic fins, whereas on the latter they are by far most common in the branchial cavity. Macroscopic and microscopic mechanical damage to the fish tissues, resulting from the presence and activity of the copepod, comprises injuries to gills, skin, muscle, and even bone. The "burrowing phenomenon" (failure on the part of the copepod to cease excavation of a completed cavity of implantation, resulting in perforation of body wall and penetration of the viscera) is reported upon for the first time.

scholarly journals Host-Parasite Interaction between Parasitic Cymothoid Ceratothoa oestroides and Its Host, Farmed European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 230
Author(s):  
Ivona Mladineo ◽  
Jerko Hrabar ◽  
Olja Vidjak ◽  
Ivana Bočina ◽  
Slavica Čolak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dicentrarchus Labrax ◽  
Aegean Sea ◽  
Sea Bass ◽  
Condition Index ◽  
Bacterial Biofilm ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Farmed Fish ◽  
European Sea Bass ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Host Tissues

Parasitic isopod Ceratothoa oestroides (Cymothoidea, Isopoda) is a common and generalist buccal cavity-dweller in marine fish, recognised for its detrimental effect in fingerling and juvenile farmed European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Although distributed throughout the Mediterranean, the isopod provokes acute outbreaks mainly limited to particular endemic areas in Croatia (Adriatic Sea) and Greece (Aegean Sea). While numerous studies have previously evidenced its gross effect on farmed fish (i.e. decreased condition index, slower growth rate, lethargy and mortality), details on the host-parasite interaction are still lacking. Therefore, using a multimethodological approach, we closely examined the structure and appearance of isopod body parts acting in the attachment and feeding (stereomicroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy), and the extent of host tissues damage (histology, immunohistochemistry, micro-computational tomography) induced by parasitation. Interestingly, while hematophagous nature of the parasite has been previously postulated we found no unambiguous data to support this; we observed host tissues fragmentation and extensive hyperplasia at the parasitation site, and no structures indicative of heme detoxifying mechanisms in the parasite gut, or other traces of a blood meal. The bacterial biofilm covering C. oestroides mouthparts and pereopods suggests that the isopod may play a role in conveying secondary pathogens to the infected host, or alternatively, it serves the parasite in normal interaction with its environment.

scholarly journals Selected Molecular Mechanisms Involved in the Parasite–Host System Hymenolepis diminuta–Rattus norvegicus

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 2435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrycja Kapczuk ◽  
Danuta Kosik-Bogacka ◽  
Natalia Łanocha-Arendarczyk ◽  
Izabela Gutowska ◽  
Patrycja Kupnicka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microflora ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Salivary Secretion ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽  
Trypsin Activity ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Host Interaction ◽  
Host Tissues

The rat tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta is a parasite of the small intestine of rodents (mainly mice and rats), and accidentally humans. It is classified as a non-invasive tapeworm due to the lack of hooks on the tapeworm’s scolex, which could cause mechanical damage to host tissues. However, many studies have shown that metabolites secreted by H. diminuta interfere with the functioning of the host’s gastrointestinal tract, causing an increase in salivary secretion, suppression of gastric acid secretion, and an increase in the trypsin activity in the duodenum chyme. Our work presents the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of a parasite-host interaction, including the influence on ion transport and host intestinal microflora, morphology and biochemical parameters of blood, secretion of antioxidant enzymes, expression of Toll-like receptors, mechanisms of immune response, as well as the expression and activity of cyclooxygenases. We emphasize the interrelations between the parasite and the host at the cellular level resulting from the direct impact of the parasite as well as host defense reactions that lead to changes in the host’s tissues and organs.

scholarly journals Characterisation of Trichuris muris secreted proteins and extracellular vesicles provides new insights into host-parasite communication

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramon M. Eichenberger ◽  
Md Hasanuzzaman Talukder ◽  
Matthew A. Field ◽  
Phurpa Wangchuk ◽  
Paul Giacomin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Trichuris Muris ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Secretory Products ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
First Time ◽  
Host Tissues

AbstractWhipworms are parasitic nematodes that live in the gut of more than 500 million people worldwide. Due to the difficulty in obtaining parasite material, the mouse whipworm Trichuris muris has been extensively used as a model to study human whipworm infections. These nematodes secrete a multitude of compounds that interact with host tissues where they orchestrate a parasitic existence. Herein we provide the first comprehensive characterisation of the excretory/secretory products of T. muris. We identify 148 proteins secreted by T. muris and show for the first time that the mouse whipworm secretes exosome-like extracellular vesicles (EVs) that can interact with host cells. We use an Optiprep® gradient to purify the EVs, highlighting the suitability of this method for purifying EVs secreted by a parasitic nematode. We also characterise the proteomic and genomic content of the EVs, identifying >350 proteins, 56 miRNAs (22 novel) and 475 full-length mRNA transcripts mapping to T. muris gene models. Many of the miRNAs putatively mapped to mouse genes involved in regulation of inflammation, implying a role in parasite-driven immunomodulation. In addition, for the first time to our knowledge, we use colonic organoids to demonstrate the internalisation of parasite EVs by host cells. Understanding how parasites interact with their host is crucial to develop new control measures. This first characterisation of the proteins and EVs secreted by T. muris provides important information on whipworm-host communication and forms the basis for future studies.

High Resolution Histochemical Studies on the Surface of the External Vesicular Membrane of Cysticercus Cellulosae

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 452-453
Author(s):  
A. Sosa ◽  
S. Alva ◽  
H. Girόn ◽  
W. Hohman
Keyword(s):  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Iron Hydroxide ◽  
Colloidal Iron ◽  
Cysticercus Cellulosae ◽  
Vesicular Membrane ◽  
Carbohydrate Components ◽  
And Function ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Host Tissues

The external vesicular membrane of the bladder of Cysticercus cellulosae serves two essential purposes for the survival of this endoparasite: (1) the principal organ for transporting substances to and from the environment, and (2) the principal surface through which the host-parasite relationships are established. The first is important because C. cellulosae does not possess an alimentary tract and the external vesicular membrane performs the role of acquiring nutrients from the environment. The second is important because the morpho-physiological connections between the parasite and host tissues are formed and maintained by this surface. Therefore the study of the structure and function of this surface is important to elucidate both aspects of membrane transport and host-parasite interrelationships. The purpose of this study is to use alcian blue- lanthanum, concanavalin A (con-A) and colloidal iron hydroxide (CIH) methods to demonstrate the presence and distribution of carbohydrate components and charge density on the surface of the external vesicular membran of C. cellulosae, All cysticerci used were obtained from anconeous muscle of parasitized hogs in Mexico City.

Diet analysis of burbot (Lota lota) from eastern Lake Michigan: 1996–2012

Hydrobiologia ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 757 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Casey J. Hares ◽  
Jory L. Jonas ◽  
Jill B. K. Leonard
Keyword(s):  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Diet Analysis ◽  
Lota Lota

scholarly journals FLAgellum Member 8 modulates extravascular trypanosome distribution in the mammalian host

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Estefanía Calvo Alvarez ◽  
Aline Crouzols ◽  
Brice Rotureau
Keyword(s):  
Blood Circulation ◽  
Parasite Development ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Flagellar Protein ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Parasite Populations ◽  
Extravascular Compartment ◽  
Host Tissues

The African trypanosome flagellum is essential in multiple aspects of the parasite development. In the mammalian infective form of this protist, FLAgellar Member 8 (FLAM8) is a large protein distributed along the entire flagellum that is suspected to be involved in host-parasite interactions. Analyses of knockdown and knockout trypanosomes demonstrated that FLAM8 is not essential in vitro for survival, growth, motility and slender to stumpy differentiation. Functional investigations in experimental infections showed that FLAM8 -deprived trypanosomes are able to establish and maintain the infection in the blood circulation, and to differentiate into transmissible stumpy forms. However, bioluminescence imaging revealed that FLAM8 -null parasites exhibit an impaired dissemination in the extravascular compartment, especially in the skin, that is partially restored by the addition of a single rescue copy of FLAM8 . To our knowledge, FLAM8 is the first example of a flagellar protein that modulates T. brucei parasite distribution in the host tissues, contributing to the maintenance of extravascular parasite populations in mammalian anatomical niches.

scholarly journals Host–parasite coevolution beyond the nestling stage? Mimicry of host fledglings by the specialist screaming cowbird

2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1742) ◽  
pp. 3401-3408 ◽  
Author(s):  
María C. De Mársico ◽  
Mariela G. Gantchoff ◽  
Juan C. Reboreda
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rates ◽  
Plumage Colour ◽  
Brood Parasite ◽  
Primary Host ◽  
Brood Parasites ◽  
Molothrus Bonariensis ◽  
Egg Mimicry ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Host Rejection

Egg mimicry by obligate avian brood parasites and host rejection of non-mimetic eggs are well-known textbook examples of host–parasite coevolution. By contrast, reciprocal adaptations and counteradaptations beyond the egg stage in brood parasites and their hosts have received less attention. The screaming cowbird ( Molothrus rufoaxillaris ) is a specialist obligate brood parasite whose fledglings look identical to those of its primary host, the baywing ( Agelaioides badius ). Such a resemblance has been proposed as an adaptation in response to host discrimination against odd-looking young, but evidence supporting this idea is scarce. Here, we examined this hypothesis by comparing the survival rates of young screaming cowbirds and non-mimetic shiny cowbirds ( Molothrus bonariensis ) cross-fostered to baywing nests and quantifying the similarity in plumage colour and begging calls between host and cowbird fledglings. Shiny cowbirds suffered higher post-fledging mortality rates (83%) than screaming cowbirds (0%) owing to host rejection. Visual modelling revealed that screaming cowbirds, but not shiny cowbirds, were indistinguishable from host young in plumage colour. Similarly, screaming cowbirds matched baywings' begging calls more closely than shiny cowbirds. Our results strongly support the occurrence of host fledgling mimicry in screaming cowbirds and suggest a role of visual and vocal cues in fledgling discrimination by baywings.

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