DDE, PCB, and mercury residues in Minnesota Common Goldeneye and Hooded Merganser eggs, 1981

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (8) ◽  
pp. 1871-1876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael C. Zicus ◽  
Mark A. Briggs ◽  
Richard M. Pace III

DDT and its metabolites, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and mercury (Hg) were measured in Hooded Merganser (Lophodytes cucullatus) and Common Goldeneye (Bucephala clangula) eggs after dead hens were found on clutches. DDE, PCBs, and Hg were detected in all eggs analyzed. Geometric mean concentrations of DDE were low in merganser and goldeneye eggs (0.62 and 0.52 ppm wet weight, respectively). Geometric mean PCB levels were also low, but were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in goldeneye eggs (1.52 vs. 0.66 ppm wet weight). Geometric mean Hg in merganser eggs approached a level for concern and was significantly greater (P < 0.01) than in goldeneye eggs (0.45 vs. 0.11 ppm wet weight, respectively). Merganser and goldeneye eggshells were 9.6 and 15.4% thinner, respectively, and their Ratcliffe indices were 6.0 and 9.2% lower, respectively, than measurements from eggs collected before DDT was in use. Residues and shell thicknesses had among- and within-nest variance structures that differed by species. DDE accounted for 21% of the variation in shell weight controlled for egg size in goldeneyes, but no relationship was evident for mergansers. No dead females were found in about 240 nest boxes monitored in 1982 and 1983 and it is unlikely that contaminant levels measured contributed to hen mortality. Egg breakage in successful nests was greater for goldeneyes than for mergansers or Wood Ducks (Aix sponsa).

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (9) ◽  
pp. 1561-1565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannu Pöysä

Host-parasite relatedness has been suggested to promote the evolution of conspecific brood parasitism, an alternative reproductive tactic pursued by females in several animal taxa. An essential prerequisite for relatedness to promote brood parasitism is accurate kin recognition, including the recognition of related hosts by parasites. I performed a field experiment to address the accuracy of host recognition by parasites in the common goldeneye (Bucephala clangula), a cavity-nesting duck. I studied whether parasites discriminate between experimental nests that did not have a host (i.e., new nest boxes that contained chicken eggs dyed to mimic the colour of common goldeneye eggs) and real nests that did have a host (i.e., active nests that progressed to incubation). Parasitic egg laying in the experimental nests was not constrained by the lack of contemporarily available nests that had a host; it was also not constrained by the lack of suitable and empty nest sites. There was no difference in the start of parasitic laying between the experimental and real nests. The experimental nests and real nests were equally parasitized. The findings suggest that host recognition by parasites is not sophisticated in the common goldeneye, questioning the possible function of accurate kin recognition in brood parasitism in this species.


The Condor ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 506-516
Author(s):  
Michael C. Zicus ◽  
David P. Rave ◽  
Michael R. Riggs

Abstract Many bird eggs lose ∼15% of their fresh mass before pipping, but individual species have been reported to lose 10–23%. Most published estimates have been imprecise due to small sample sizes. Moreover, published estimates of within- or among-species variance components of mass loss are virtually unknown. We modeled the influence of nest type, clutch size, and egg size on daily mass loss of Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), Common Goldeneye (Bucephala clangula), and Hooded Merganser (Lophodytes cucullatus) eggs and compared fractional mass loss among species. Mallard eggs in artificial nest cylinders lost more mass than those in ground nests, but were unaffected by nest initiation date. Average-sized eggs in Mallard ground nests, Mallard cylinder nests, and Common Goldeneye and Hooded Merganser nest boxes lost 7.9 g (15.2%), 10.8 g (20.3%), 10.3 g (15.5%), and 9.2 g (15.8%) of fresh mass, respectively. For all species, daily mass loss increased as incubation progressed and was affected by an interaction between egg size and incubation time, but was not influenced by clutch size. Depending on species, smallest eggs lost 1.0–4.0% more of their fresh mass than did the largest. Egg-mass variability was partitioned into years, nests within years, and eggs within nests and years. Variability was evenly distributed among the variance components in Mallard ground nests; however, among-eggs within-nest variance predominated in nest cylinders. In contrast, among-nests variation was the dominant source for goldeneyes and mergansers. Nest-site selection and egg size likely involve trade-offs among optimum egg-mass loss and nest and hatchling survival. Factores que Influencian la Pérdida de Peso de los Huevos durante la Incubación en Tres Especies de Aves Acuáticas Resumen. Muchas aves pierden aproximadamente el 15% de su peso fresco antes de iniciar la ruptura del cascarón, pero se ha reportado que esto varía entre especies entre el 10 y el 23%. La mayoría de los estimados publicados han sido imprecisos debido a tamaños de muestra pequeños. Más aún, los estimados de los componentes de la varianza dentro de especies o entre especies en la pérdida de peso son virtualmente desconocidos. En este estudio modelamos la influencia del tipo de nido, el tamaño de la nidada y tamaño del huevo sobre la pérdida diaria de peso en huevos de Anas platyrhynchos, Bucephala clangula y Lophodytes cucullatus, y comparamos la fracción de peso perdida entre especies. Los huevos de A. platyrhynchos perdieron más peso en nidos cilíndricos artificiales que en nidos en el suelo, pero no fueron afectados por la fecha de iniciación de la nidificación. Huevos de tamaño promedio de A. platyrhynchos puestos en nidos en el suelo y en cilindros, y huevos de B. clangula y L. cucullatus puestos en cajas de nidificación, perdieron 7.9 g (15.2%), 10.8 g (20.3%), 10.3 g (15.5%) y 9.2 g (15.8%) de su peso fresco, respectivamente. Para todas las especies, la pérdida diaria de peso se incrementó a medida que progresó la incubación y fue influenciada por una interacción entre el tamaño de los huevos y el tiempo de incubación, pero no por el tamaño de la nidada. Dependiendo de la especie, los huevos más pequeños perdieron entre 1.0 y 4.0% más de su peso fresco que los huevos más grandes. La variabilidad en el peso de los huevos estuvo repartida entre años, entre nidos de un mismo año y entre huevos de un mismo nido en cada año. La variabilidad estuvo igualmente distribuida entre sus distintos componentes en los nidos de A. platyrhynchos del suelo. Sin embargo, la varianza entre huevos de un nido predominó en los nidos puestos en cilindros. En contraste, la variación entre nidos fue la más importante en B. clangula y L. cucullatus. La selección de sitios de nidificación y el tamaño de los huevos probablemente involucran una solución de compromiso entre los niveles óptimos de pérdida de peso de los huevos y de supervivencia de los nidos y pichones.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena C. Berg ◽  
John M. Eadie

AbstractBirds may use a variety of cues to select a nest site, including external information on habitat structure and nest site characteristics, or they may rely instead on social information obtained directly or indirectly from the actions of conspecifics. We used an experimental manipulation to determine the extent to which a California population of the wood duck (Aix sponsa) used social information gleaned from visual cues inside nest boxes that might indicate the quality or occupancy of that site. Over two nesting seasons, we manipulated the contents of newly installed boxes to simulate one of three states: (1) presence of wood duck eggs, indicating current use of a nest site; (2) presence of down and shell membranes, indicating a previously successful nest; and (3) control nests with fresh shavings indicating an unused box. In addition, we measured habitat characteristics of the area surrounding each box to assess the use of external, non-social information about each nest site. We found no evidence that females laid eggs preferentially, or that conspecific brood parasitism was more likely to occur, in any of the treatments. In contrast, nest site use and reproductive traits of wood ducks did vary with vegetation cover, and orientation and distance of the box from water. Our results suggest that personal information, not social information, influence initial nest site selection decisions when females are unfamiliar with a site. Social cues likely become increasingly important once nest sites develop their own history, and a population becomes well established.Significance StatementIn selecting a nest site, birds may use many types of information, including habitat characteristics, their own previous breeding experience, or social cues inadvertently provided by other individuals of the same or different species. We examined information use in a Californian population of wood ducks by experimentally manipulating the visual cues within nest boxes and found that females did not use internal box cues to direct their nesting behaviors, appearing to rely on key habitat characteristics instead. These results contrast with previous studies of this system, suggesting that females may change the cues they use depending on their prior experience with a particular area. In the nest-site selection literature, there appears to be a divergence between research on passerines versus waterfowl, and we advocate unifying these perspectives.


1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 851 ◽  
Author(s):  
PW Morcombe ◽  
DS Petterson ◽  
HG Masters ◽  
PJ Ross ◽  
JR Edwards

A sample of 4973 kidneys from sheep stratified by age and shire of origin within the Agricultural Region of Western Australia, was analysed for cadmium (Cd) content during the period August 1989 to April 1991. The geometric mean Cd concentration in the kidney of hogget ewes was 0.9 mg/kg, in 4-tooth ewes 1.47 mg/kg and in adult ewes 3.34 mg/kg on a wet weight basis. The mean Cd concentrations of either ewe or hogget flocks from different Divisions of the Agricultural Region did not differ from each other. The annual increase in Cd concentration of kidney from hogget sheep was estimated to be 0-65 mg/kg. The rate of accumulation of Cd in kidney from cattle and sheep grazing the same properties was similar. Kidneys from a sample of 354 adult cattle from the Kimberley Region and 483 aged sheep from the Pastoral Region, both areas of unimproved rangelands, had geometric mean Cd concentrations of 0.15 mg/kg and 0-31 mg/kg respectively. A higher Cd concentration in flocks from the divisions adjacent to the Agricultural Region may have resulted from the establishment of some volunteer species of winter annual pastures in the rangeland.


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