Eye color pigment granules in wild-type and mutant Drosophila melanogaster

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 1301-1308 ◽  
Author(s):  
William S. Stark ◽  
Randall Sapp
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Distal Portion ◽  
Pigment Cells ◽  
High Electron ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Eye Color ◽  
Pigment Granules ◽  
Color Pigment ◽  
Electron Lucent

Eye color pigment granules were studied in ultrathin sections of the wild-type fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the following eye-color mutants, cinnabar (cn), brown (bw), cinnabar brown (cn bw), and white (w). Ommatin-containing granules of the primary pigment cells are electron lucent in newly emerged flies but are dense in aged flies. The intraretinular granules are of intermediate or high electron density and also contain ommatins. The content of these granules was deduced from comparisons between wild type and cn, which blocks ommatin synthesis. The bw mutant was used to show that drosopterins reside throughout the secondary pigment cells while drosopterin granules monopolize the distal portion. The secondary pigment cell's granules, especially the most distal ones, are electron lucent in our work as well as in most earlier publications. Here we show that these granules are manifested as holes in the section. Both ommatins and drosopterins reside more proximally in the compound eye's pigment cells. We show that white-eyed flies have unusually large granules, and the possible function of these structures is discussed.

scholarly journals THE DEVELOPMENT OF PIGMENT GRANULES IN THE EYES OF WILD TYPE AND MUTANT DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

1966 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Rearick Shoup
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Pigment Cells ◽  
Type I ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Eye Color ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Pigment Granules ◽  
Marginal Areas ◽  
Pigment Type ◽  
Variable Morphology

The eye pigment system in Drosophila melanogaster has been studied with the electron microscope. Details in the development of pigment granules in wild type flies and in three eye color mutants are described. Four different types of pigment granules have been found. Type I granules, which carry ommochrome pigment and occur in both primary and secondary pigment cells of ommatidia, are believed to develop as vesicular secretions by way of the Golgi apparatus. The formation of Type II granules, which are restricted to the secondary pigment cells and contain drosopterin pigments, involves accumulation of 60- to 80-A fibers producing an elliptical granule. Type III granules appear to be empty vesicles, except for small marginal areas of dense material; they are thought to be abnormal entities containing ommochrome pigment. Type IV granules are characteristic of colorless mutants regardless of genotype, and during the course of development they often contain glycogen, ribosomes, and show acid phosphatase activity; for these reasons and because of their bizarre and variable morphology, they are considered to be autophagic vacuoles. The 300-A particles commonly found in pigment cells are identified as glycogen on the basis of their morphology and their sensitivity to salivary digestion.

Die fluoreszierenden Stoffe aus den Malpighischen-Gefäßen der Wildform und verschiedener Augenfarbenmutanten von Drosophila melanogaster

1968 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 376-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armin Wessing ◽  
Dieter Eichelberg
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Eye Color ◽  
Eye Color Mutants

The Malpighian tubules of Drosophila melanogaster accumulate a great number of substances, many of which fluoresce. This paper is concerned with the identification of these substances by chromatography and their location by fluorescentmicroscopy (fig. 4, 5). It appears that they mainly belong to the following three groups: Pteridines, tryptophane and some of its metabolites, and riboflavine (tab. 1).The pattern of fluorescent substances of the eye color mutants cn, v, se, st, bw, ry, and w vary significantly. The patterns of these mutants are compared and discussed with that of the wild-type.

scholarly journals Drosophilaas a Model Host forPseudomonas aeruginosaInfection

2001 ◽  
Vol 183 (4) ◽  
pp. 1466-1471 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. D'Argenio ◽  
Larry A. Gallagher ◽  
Celeste A. Berg ◽  
Colin Manoil
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Gene Cluster ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Colony Morphology ◽  
Twitching Motility ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Signal Transduction System

ABSTRACT Using the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as model host, we have identified mutants of the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa with reduced virulence. Strikingly, all strains strongly impaired in fly killing also lacked twitching motility; most such strains had a mutation in pilGHIJKL chpABCDE, a gene cluster known to be required for twitching motility and potentially encoding a signal transduction system. The pil chp genes appear to control the expression of additional virulence factors, however, since the wild-type fly-killing phenotype of a subset of mutants isolated on the basis of their compact colony morphology indicated that twitching motility itself was not required for full virulence in the fly.

scholarly journals Ratio Between Lactobacillus Plantarum and Acetobacter Pomorum on the Surface of Drosophila Melanogaster Adult Flies Depends on Cuticle Melanisation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladislav Mokeev ◽  
Yiwen Wang ◽  
Nicole Gehring ◽  
Bernard Moussian
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Rdna Sequencing ◽  
Simple Protocol

Abstract Objectives As in most organisms, the surface of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is associated with bacteria. In order to study the genetic parameters of this association, we developed a simple protocol for surface bacteria isolation and quantification. Results On wild-type flies maintained in the laboratory, we identified two persistently culturable species as Lactobacillus plantarum and Acetobacter pomorum by 16S rDNA sequencing. For quantification, we showered single flies for DNA extraction avoiding the rectum to prevent contamination from the gut. Using specific primers for quantitative PCR analyses, we determined the relative abundance of these two species in surface wash samples. Repeatedly, we found 20% more L. plantarum than A. pomorum . To tentatively study the importance of the cuticle for the interaction of the surface with these bacteria, applying Crispr/Cas9 gene editing in the initial wild-type flies, we generated flies mutant for the ebony gene needed for cuticle melanisation and determined the L. plantarum to A. pomorum ratio on these flies. We found that the relative abundance of L. plantarum increased substantially on ebony flies. We conclude that the cuticle chemistry is crucial for surface bacteria composition. This finding may inspire future studies on cuticle-microbiome interactions.

scholarly journals CRITICAL THERMAL INCREMENTS FOR OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF AN INSECT, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

1925 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 731-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Rudbert Orr
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Wild Type

The critical thermal increments are calculated for oxygen consumption in the pupae of the "wild type" fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, and are found to be of two types: µ = 11,500 and 16,800; above 15°C. the first value is obtained, the second, below this temperature.

scholarly journals Most sleep does not serve a vital function. Evidence from Drosophila melanogaster

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quentin Geissmann ◽  
Esteban J. Beckwith ◽  
Giorgio F. Gilestro
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Sleep Restriction ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Vital Function ◽  
Model Framework ◽  
High Throughput Analysis ◽  
Novel Technologies ◽  
Vital Component ◽  
Open Question

AbstractSleep appears to be a universally conserved phenomenon among the animal kingdom but whether this striking evolutionary conservation underlies a basic vital function is still an open question. Using novel technologies, we conducted an unprecedentedly detailed high-throughput analysis of sleep in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, coupled with a life-long chronic and specific sleep restriction. Our results show that some wild-type flies are virtually sleepless in baseline conditions and that complete, forced sleep restriction is not necessarily a lethal treatment in wild-type Drosophila melanogaster. We also show that circadian drive, and not homeostatic regulation, is the main contributor to sleep pressure in flies. We propose a three-partite model framework of sleep function, according to which, total sleep accounts for three components: a vital component, a useful component, and an accessory component.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENTAL AND GENETIC STUDIES ON KYNURENINE HYDROXYLASE FROM DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Genetics ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 651-661
Author(s):  
David T Sullivan ◽  
Robert J Kitos ◽  
Marie C Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Bimodal Distribution ◽  
Maximum Activity ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Eye Color ◽  
Eye Color Mutants ◽  
Puparium Formation ◽  
Kynurenine Hydroxylase ◽  
Short Time

ABSTRACT The level of kynurenine hydroxylase was measured throughout the development of wild type and the eye color mutants v, cn, st, ltd, cd, kar, w, ca, bri and pP of Drosophila melanogaster. In all cases except cn a bimodal distribution of enzyme activity during development was observed. Activity is initially detectable in second instar. A maximum is reached in early third instar. Activity declines prior to puparium formation. Shortly after pupation, activity rises dramatically to reach a maximum about five times the peak larval level. Maximum activity persists for a short time, and then falls sharply prior to emergence. No activity is detectable in cn, cn3, or cn35K. In pupae which have zero, one, two or three doses of the cn  + allele, activity is proportional to the number of the + alleles. This provides further evidence that the cn locus contains the structural gene for kynurenine hydroxylase. Kynurenine hydroxylase is a useful gene product for studying the events of imaginal disc differentiation.

scholarly journals The white gene controls copulation success in Drosophila melanogaster

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengfeng Xiao ◽  
Shuang Qiu ◽  
R Meldrum Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Copy Number ◽  
Genetic Background ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Courtship Behavior ◽  
Sexual Experience ◽  
Male Courtship ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Eye Color ◽  
Male Courtship Behavior

ABSTRACTCharacteristics of male courtship behavior in Drosophila melanogaster have been well-described, but the genetic basis of male-female copulation is largely unknown. Here we show that the white (w) gene, a classical gene for eye color, is associated with copulation success. 82.5% of wild-type Canton-S flies copulated within 60 minutes in circular arenas, whereas few white-eyed mutants mated successfully. The w+ allele exchanged to the X chromosome or duplicated to the Y chromosome in the white-eyed genetic background rescued the defect of copulation success. The w+-associated copulation success was independent of eye color phenotype. Addition of the mini-white (mw+) gene to the white-eyed mutant rescued the defect of copulation success in a manner that was mw+ copy number-dependent. Lastly, male-female sexual experience mimicked the effects of w+/mw+ in improving successful copulation. These data suggest that the w+ gene controls copulation success in Drosophila melanogaster.

scholarly journals piRNA pathway is not required for antiviral defense in Drosophila melanogaster

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (29) ◽  
pp. E4218-E4227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marine Petit ◽  
Vanesa Mongelli ◽  
Lionel Frangeul ◽  
Hervé Blanc ◽  
Francis Jiggins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Antiviral Response ◽  
Antiviral Defense ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Pirna Pathway ◽  
Interfering Rna ◽  
Sirna Pathway

Since its discovery, RNA interference has been identified as involved in many different cellular processes, and as a natural antiviral response in plants, nematodes, and insects. In insects, the small interfering RNA (siRNA) pathway is the major antiviral response. In recent years, the Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway also has been implicated in antiviral defense in mosquitoes infected with arboviruses. Using Drosophila melanogaster and an array of viruses that infect the fruit fly acutely or persistently or are vertically transmitted through the germ line, we investigated in detail the extent to which the piRNA pathway contributes to antiviral defense in adult flies. Following virus infection, the survival and viral titers of Piwi, Aubergine, Argonaute-3, and Zucchini mutant flies were similar to those of wild type flies. Using next-generation sequencing of small RNAs from wild type and siRNA mutant flies, we showed that no viral-derived piRNAs were produced in fruit flies during different types of viral infection. Our study provides the first evidence, to our knowledge, that the piRNA pathway does not play a major role in antiviral defense in adult Drosophila and demonstrates that viral-derived piRNA production depends on the biology of the host–virus combination rather than being part of a general antiviral process in insects.

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