Activity budgets and movement rates of caribou encountering pipelines, roads, and traffic in northern Alaska

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (10) ◽  
pp. 2483-2490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Murphy ◽  
James A. Curatolo
Keyword(s):  
Additive Effect ◽  
Activity Budgets ◽  
Movement Rates ◽  
Energetic Stress ◽  
Disturbance Effects ◽  
Cow Calf ◽  
Insect Harassment ◽  
Time Spent Feeding ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Northern Alaska

Insect harassment significantly affected caribou behavior by decreasing time spent feeding and lying and by increasing locomotion. Effects of oilfield disturbance on behavior were most pronounced when insects were absent, suggesting that disturbance and insects did not have a substantial additive effect on behavior. When insects were absent, caribou within 600 m of an elevated pipeline and road with traffic, and within 300 m of a pipeline and road without traffic, had significantly different activity budgets than undisturbed caribou; disturbance effects were significantly greater in the site with traffic. Time spent lying and running and movement rates were the best indicators of oilfield disturbance, whereas time spent feeding was not affected. Cow–calf-dominated groups and groups larger than 10 animals reacted to lower levels of disturbance than other group types, but all group types reacted similarly to high levels of disturbance. Separation of elevated pipelines from heavily traveled roads is recommended as a means of minimizing disruption of caribou behavior and movements. Energetic stress resulting from disturbance-induced changes in behavior should be minimal in a properly designed oilfield.

scholarly journals Rut-induced changes in the activity budgets of male tropical ungulates: Eld’s deer on Hainan Island

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 536-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianhua Ding ◽  
Zhitao Liu ◽  
Yanling Song ◽  
Zhigao Zeng ◽  
Qiong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activity Pattern ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Hainan Island ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Time Budgets ◽  
Activity Budgets ◽  
Proximate Mechanisms ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Cervus Eldi Hainanus

Abstract Aspects of time budgets, activity patterns and rut-related changes in behavior are well documented in temperate ungulates; however, the application of this understanding to tropical and sub-tropical ungulate species has attracted less attention and remains an area that may re-shape our knowledge of ungulate behavior. Eld’s deer Cervus eldi hainanus has a tropical and sub-tropical distribution on Hainan Island, China, and males have an extended rut exceeding five months during which they do not maintain harems or defend resources. We studied males from the only remaining population on Hainan Island, and describe rut-related changes in behavior by collecting data on time budgets and activity patterns. We show that male Eld’s deer do not follow a strict crepuscular activity pattern, do not spend the majority of their time foraging and do not increase foraging nor display rut-induced hypophagia during rut, in obvious contrast to temperate ungulates. These results are discussed in light of current hypotheses explaining the proximate mechanisms governing feeding time in ungulates, while appreciating the need for further research.

scholarly journals Behavioural Indicators of Intra- and Inter-Specific Competition: Sheep Co-Grazing with Guanaco in the Patagonian Steppe

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3333
Author(s):  
Tomás Fernández ◽  
Alex Lancaster ◽  
Claudio A. Moraga ◽  
Sergio Radic-Schilling ◽  
Achaz von Hardenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Availability ◽  
Intraspecific Competition ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Domestic Sheep ◽  
Movement Rates ◽  
Behavioural Changes ◽  
Bite Rate ◽  
Chilean Patagonia ◽  
Potential Competitor ◽  
Time Spent Feeding

In extensive livestock production, high densities may inhibit regulation processes, maintaining high levels of intraspecific competition over time. During competition, individuals typically modify their behaviours, particularly feeding and bite rates, which can therefore be used as indicators of competition. Over eight consecutive seasons, we investigated if variation in herd density, food availability, and the presence of a potential competitor, the guanaco (Lama guanicoe), was related with behavioural changes in domestic sheep in Chilean Patagonia. Focal sampling, instantaneous scan sampling, measures of bite and movement rates were used to quantify behavioural changes in domestic sheep. We found that food availability increased time spent feeding, while herd density was associated with an increase in vigilant behaviour and a decrease in bite rate, but only when food availability was low. Guanaco presence appeared to have no impact on sheep behaviour. Our results suggest that the observed behavioural changes in domestic sheep are more likely due to intraspecific competition rather than interspecific competition. Consideration of intraspecific competition where guanaco and sheep co-graze on pastures could allow management strategies to focus on herd density, according to rangeland carrying capacity.

The effect of urban and rural habitats on activity budgets of the endangered Northern Plains sacred langur, Semnopithecus entellus (Dufresne, 1797) in Jessore, Bangladesh

Mammalia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 423-430
Author(s):  
Mst. Tahmina Khatun ◽  
Mohammad Firoj Jaman ◽  
Md. Mokhlesur Rahman ◽  
Md. Mahabub Alam
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Behavioral Plasticity ◽  
Northern Plains ◽  
Activity Budgets ◽  
Urban Group ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Focal Animal ◽  
Time Spent Feeding ◽  
Rural Group ◽  
Conservation And Management

Abstract The Northern Plains sacred langurs are characterized by their ability to adapt to a variety of habitats. We compared activity budgets of two langur groups, one living in the rural area and the other in the center of Keshabpur town. Data was collected from September, 2012 to August, 2013 through continuous focal animal sampling. Types of different food items and its availability in two habitats were mainly responsible for the variations in activity budgets. We found time spent feeding and resting were significantly higher in the urban group whereas, langurs of the rural group spent more time in moving. There were no significant differences in time spent on grooming and other social interactions. Seasonal variations in all major behaviors were significantly affected by groups. Langurs of both groups spent greater time on feeding and resting in the winter than other seasons while moving was at its peak in the summer. Females spent more time in grooming than males while males spent more time in vigilance and interaction than females. The langurs showed a considerable behavioral plasticity in response to variation of habitat and resources, and the knowledge of these differences is important for the conservation and management of this species.

Twenty-four-hour feeding and lying patterns of wild reindeer Rangifer tarandus tarandus in summer

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (12) ◽  
pp. 2168-2175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan E Colman ◽  
Christian Pedersen ◽  
Dag Ø. Hjermann ◽  
Øystein Holand ◽  
Stein R Moe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Feeding Patterns ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus Tarandus ◽  
Proximate Factors ◽  
Insect Harassment ◽  
Time Spent Feeding ◽  
Night And Day ◽  
Wild Reindeer

We tested whether sunlight and insect harassment were important proximate factors (Zeitgebers) controlling feeding and lying patterns of wild reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in summer. With no insect harassment, feeding and lying each exhibited a polycyclic rhythm with, on average, 4 bouts at equal intervals during each 24-h period (unit-sum constraints in a polycyclic rhythm). When insects were absent, the activity percentages were 50 ± 4% feeding (mean ± SE) and 33 ± 4% lying for daytime and 44 ± 3% feeding and 47 ± 4% lying for nighttime, i.e., the percentage of time spent feeding was equal for daytime and nighttime (nychthemeral), while for lying it was not. With insects present, percentages of time spent feeding and lying were 18 ± 3 and 13 ± 3% for daytime and 45 ± 8 and 41 ± 8% for nighttime, respectively, i.e., neither feeding nor lying exhibited a nychthemeral pattern. During periods of insect harassment, 24-h feeding patterns had no cyclic rhythm, whereas lying remained cyclic, but the percentages of time spent lying during peak bouts (amplitude) and at peak duration (period) were unequal between night and day. Reindeer did not attune their activity to the set points of sunrise and sunset (not crepuscular), demonstrating that daylight is most likely not a powerful Zeitgeber for reindeer during summer.

ANG II and calmodulin/CaMKII regulate surface expression and functional activity of NBCe1 via separate means

2007 ◽  
Vol 293 (1) ◽  
pp. F68-F77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clint Perry ◽  
Hong Le ◽  
Irina I. Grichtchenko
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Surface Expression ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Additive Effect ◽  
Xenopus Laevis Oocytes ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Early Endosomes ◽  
Green Fluorescent ◽  
Induced Changes

We recently reported that ANG II inhibits NBCe1 current and surface expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes (Perry C, Blaine J, Le H, and Grichtchenko II. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 290: F417–F427, 2006). Here, we investigated mechanisms of ANG II-induced changes in NBCe1 surface expression. We showed that the PKC inhibitor GF109203X blocks and EGTA reduces surface cotransporter loss in ANG II-treated oocytes, suggesting roles for PKC and Ca2+. Using the endosomal marker FM 4-64 and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-tagged NBCe1, we showed that ANG II stimulates endocytosis of NBCe1. To eliminate the possibility that ANG II inhibits NBCe1 recycling, we demonstrated that the recycling inhibitor monensin decreases surface expression, accumulates NBCe1-EGFP in endosomes, and inhibits NBCe1 current. Monensin and ANG II applied together produce greater inhibition of NBCe1 current than either did alone. This additive effect of monensin and ANG II suggests that ANG II stimulates internalization of NBCe1. We used the calmodulin (CaM) antagonist W13, which controls recycling by blocking the exit of the endocytosed cargo from early endosomes, to determine the role of CaM in NBCe1 trafficking. We demonstrated that W13 decreases surface expression of NBCe1, accumulates NBCe1-EGFP in endosomal-like formations, and inhibits NBCe1 current. W13 and ANG II applied together produce greater inhibition of NBCe1 current than either does alone, while W13 and monensin applied together do not. The additive effect of ANG II and W13 and lack of additive effect of monensin and W13 suggest that CaM is not involved in ANG II stimulation of internalization but controls recycling of endocytosed NBCe1. The CaM-activated enzyme CaM kinase II (CaMKII) applied with ANG II also gives an additive inhibitory effect, suggesting a role for CaMKII in NBCe1 recycling.

scholarly journals BEHAVIORAL SYNCHRONY IN IBEX GROUPS: EFFECTS OF AGE, SEX AND HABITAT

Behaviour ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 138 (8) ◽  
pp. 1033-1046 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathreen Ruckstuhl ◽  
Peter Neuhaus
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Activity Budgets ◽  
Male Adult ◽  
Sex Structure ◽  
Movement Rates ◽  
Hard Time ◽  
Group Members

AbstractSynchrony of activities is usually high in foraging groups, possibly to maintain group cohesion. Individuals with different levels of activity budgets, however, may have a hard time synchronizing their behavior to each other without incurring a cost. We predicted that the age and sex structure of a group would affect synchronization levels within a group because of differing individual activity budgets. Individuals in same-sex-age groups were hypothesized to show higher levels of activity synchrony than individuals in mixed sex-age groups. We investigated activity synchrony in adult male, adult female, subadult, and mixed sex-age groups of Alpine ibex - one of the most sexually dimorphic ruminant species. Activity budgets and movement rates were measured to calculate synchrony of activities between group members in June and July 1999. Adult males were more synchronized with group peers than either females or subadults of both sexes. However, while adult males were synchronized in 81% when in bachelor (adult male) groups, they were only synchronized in 65% of the time when in mixed sex-age groups. Adult females were synchronized 61% of their time when in mixed sex-age groups and 69% when in female groups. Individual subadult males displayed higher synchrony when in bachelor or female groups than when in mixed sex-age or subadult mixed-sex groups. Subadult groups and mixed sex-age groups showed the lowest degree of synchrony of all group types. In general, animals in groups of same body-sized individuals were more synchronized with their group members than animals in mixed body-size groups. Two and three year-old males did not adjust their time spent lying to the group but their time spent walking. They also tended to change their time spent grazing and standing according to group type. Among subadults, females spent more time foraging than males but less time lying and standing. There was no difference in time spent walking. Bachelor and subadult groups had the greatest movement rates while female groups were relatively sedentary within escape terrain. Individuals in escape terrain did only marginally synchronize their behavior to each other likely because groups did not move much and synchrony was presumably less important. We conclude that habitat type, group movement rates, and a group's sex-age composition may affect the extent to which an individual will synchronize its activities to the other group members.

Increasing whole-body energetic stress does not augment fasting-induced changes in human skeletal muscle

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hashim Islam ◽  
Alessandra Amato ◽  
Jacob T. Bonafiglia ◽  
Fasih A. Rahman ◽  
Nicholas Preobrazenski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Human Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Energetic Stress ◽  
Induced Changes

scholarly journals PSIII-5 Metabolic hormones, live weight, grazing behaviour and offspring distance of primiparous beef cows grazing grasslands at two herbage allowances

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 189-189
Author(s):  
Martin Claramunt ◽  
Ana Meikle ◽  
Pablo Soca
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Mixed Models ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Metabolic Hormones ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Cow Calf ◽  
Induced Changes

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of herbage allowance (HA; herbage mass in kg DM/ha: stocking rate in kg LW/ha ratio) during gestation and lactation on cow and calf LW, body condition score (BCS), insulin, IGF-1, and leptin concentrations, daily grazing, ruminating and idling proportion cow-calf distance in primiparous beef cows from -10 to 70 days from temporary suckling restriction (nose plates on calves during 12 days=TW; day 0=initiation of TW at 86 ± 10 postpartum) and flushing (2 kg FB/cow/day whole-rice bran for 22 days). Thirty-three cows were allocated to HA treatments during gestation and lactation (-150 to 195 days relative to calving), that annually averaged 2.5 (low HA) and 4 kg DM/kg LW (high HA). Data were analyzed using mixed models with repeated measures and general linear mixed models. Cows LW and BCS did not differ during the -10 to 50 day period but were greater in high HA at the end of the study. Concentrations of IGF-I were greater in high HA (80 vs 70 ± 3 ng/mL), but insulin and leptin did not differ. Daily grazing proportion was lower in high HA (0.64 vs 0.68 ± 0.06; P < 0.05), and the opposite occur with rumination and idling (P < 0.05). Cow-calf distance was greater in low HA cows (0.57 vs 0.75 ± 0.006; P < 0.05) and increased greatly in this group after flushing. Milk yield was greater (3.7 vs 3 ± 0.3; P > 0.05) and calf weight did not differ between treatments from -10 to 35 day and was greater after 45 days in high HA compared to low HA. Thus, increasing HA resulted in greater IGF-1 concentrations and milk yield, and induced changes in grazing and maternal behavior that were associated with increased cow and calf LW and BCS.

Geographic variation in winter adaptations of snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus)

2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (8) ◽  
pp. 539-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.C. Gigliotti ◽  
D.R. Diefenbach ◽  
M.J. Sheriff
Keyword(s):  
Lepus Americanus ◽  
Northern Population ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Movement Rates ◽  
Snowshoe Hares ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
Extreme Cold ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
And Behavior

Understanding adaptations of nonhibernating northern endotherms to cope with extreme cold is important because climate-induced changes in winter temperatures and snow cover are predicted to impact these species the most. We compared winter pelage characteristics and heat production of snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus Erxleben, 1777) on the southern edge of their range, in Pennsylvania (USA), to a northern population, in the Yukon (Canada), to investigate how hares might respond to changing environmental conditions. We also investigated how hares in Pennsylvania altered movement rates and resting spot selection to cope with variable winter temperatures. Hares from Pennsylvania had shorter, less dense, and less white winter coats than their northern counterparts, suggesting lower coat insulation. Hares in the southern population had lower pelage temperatures, indicating that they produced less heat than those in the northern population. In addition, hares in Pennsylvania did not select for resting spots that offered thermal advantages, but selected locations offering visual obstruction from predators. Movement rates were associated with ambient temperature, with the smallest movements occurring at the lower and upper range of observed ambient temperatures. Our results indicate that snowshoe hares may be able to adapt to future climate conditions via changes in pelage characteristics, metabolism, and behavior.

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