Variations in the temporal spacing of Franklin's gull (Larus pipixcan) flocks

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (10) ◽  
pp. 2450-2457
Author(s):  
Jeffrey G. Kopachena

The temporal spacing within flights of Franklin's gulls (Larus pipixcan) was studied. The extent to which gulls formed flocks was related to the time of day and also the apparent destination of the flight. In the morning, gulls departing from a colony toward foraging sites tended not to form flocks if food resources could be located predictably. Where food resources were the least predictable, gulls departing in the morning did form flocks. An intermediate tendency to form flocks occurred for morning departures toward food sources of intermediate predictability. Arriving gulls that fed en route to the colonies had lower temporal clumping than those that flew directly to the colony. Similarly, direct flights of gulls departing toward the evening roost were characterized by high temporal clumping. The highest degree of temporal clumping occurred in flights of gulls between traditional food sites. These findings support the hypothesis that some kinds of flocking in Franklin's gulls are related to increasing the success of foraging individuals. The tendency for flights toward foraging sites whose locations were unpredictable to be somewhat dispersed suggests that flocks of intermediate density provide the greatest benefits during food search.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robbie I’Anson Price ◽  
Francisca Segers ◽  
Amelia Berger ◽  
Fabio S Nascimento ◽  
Christoph Grüter

Abstract Social information is widely used in the animal kingdom and can be highly adaptive. In social insects, foragers can use social information to find food, avoid danger or choose a new nest site. Copying others allows individuals to obtain information without having to sample the environment. When foragers communicate information they will often only advertise high quality food sources, thereby filtering out less adaptive information. Stingless bees, a large pantropical group of highly eusocial bees, face intense inter- and intra-specific competition for limited resources, yet display disparate foraging strategies. Within the same environment there are species that communicate the location of food resources to nest-mates and species that do not. Our current understanding of why some species communicate foraging sites while others do not is limited. Studying freely foraging colonies of several co-existing stingless bee species in Brazil, we investigated if recruitment to specific food locations is linked to (1) the sugar content of forage, (2) the duration of foraging trips and (3) the variation in activity of a colony from one day to another and the variation in activity in a species over a day. We found that, contrary to our expectations, species with recruitment communication did not return with higher quality forage than species that do not recruit nestmates. Furthermore, foragers from recruiting species did not have shorter foraging trip durations than those from weakly-recruiting species. Given the intense inter- and intraspecific competition for resources in these environments, it may be that recruiting species favour food resources that can be monopolised by the colony rather than food sources that offer high-quality rewards.


Author(s):  
Michael A Robidoux ◽  
Derek Winnepetonga ◽  
Sylvia Santosa ◽  
François Haman

The food security crisis and disproportionately high burden of dietary related disease amongst northern Indigenous populations in Canada continues to be a troubling reality with little sign of improvement. The Government of Canada is responding by developing programs to support local food initiatives for northern isolated communities. While such investments appear commendable, the impact of local food harvesting to improve food security has yet to be determined. While there are clear nutritional and cultural benefits to traditional food sources, communities face considerable barriers acquiring it in sufficient amounts because of historically imposed lifestyle changes that have increased food insecurity rates. This study responds by providing a novel multidisciplinary approach that draws from firsthand experiences working with First Nations community members in a remote subarctic region in northwestern, Ontario to estimate their community’s total food requirement and the amount of wild animal food sources needed to sustain yearly food intake. This transferrable energy demand approach will be critical for policy makers to put into perspective the amount of wild food needed to have an impact on food security rates and ultimately improve dietary related diseases. Novelty: • It will provide government policy makers information about current harvest yields in a remote northern First Nation to understand the potential contribution of traditional food to improve local food security • Provides Indigenous communities a means to assess local food resources to measure the caloric contributions of traditional foods toward household food security


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noelia L. Volpe ◽  
Bettina Thalinger ◽  
Elisabet Vilacoba ◽  
Thomas W.A. Braukmann ◽  
Adrián S. Di Giacomo ◽  
...  

ABSTRACTOver the last two centuries, the Red-and-green Macaw (Ara chloropterus) has become locally extinct in Argentina. In an attempt to restore its key ecosystem functions as both disperser and regulator of large-seeded plants, a reintroduction project was initiated at the Iberá National Park in northeastern Argentina. The ability of released individuals to find food is crucial, in particular when working with captive-bred animals, as long-term establishment of a self-sustaining population depends on their short-term ability to exploit wild food sources. Monitoring of feeding habits is usually conducted through behavioral observation, but in recent years DNA metabarcoding has emerged as an alternative for obtaining highly resolved data on diet composition. In this study we use a combination of both techniques to characterize the breadth and composition of the reintroduced macaws’ diet. In addition, we evaluate the efficiency of both direct field observations and metabarcoding of feces as techniques to assess diet composition. Individuals fed on a variety of plant species (n = 49) belonging to a broad phylogenetic spectrum (28 families). Dietary richness estimated by direct observation and metabarcoding was similar, though smaller than the combination of the two datasets as both techniques detected at least 15 species not recorded by the other method. While the total number of detected species was higher for observational data, the rate of species-detection per sampling day was higher for metabarcoding. These results suggest that a combination of both methods is required in order to obtain the most accurate account of the total diversity of the diet of a species. The ability of the reintroduced macaws to successfully exploit local food resources throughout the year indicates a good level of adjustment to the release site, an important step towards the creation of a stable, self-sustaining population of Red-and-green Macaws in Northern Argentina.RESUMENEn el transcurso de los últimos dos siglos, el Guacamayo Rojo (Ara chloropterus) se ha extinguido en la Argentina. Buscando recuperar su rol ecológico tanto de dispersor como de depredador de semillas de gran tamaño, se comenzó un proyecto de reintroducción de la especie en el Parque Nacional Iberá, en la región noreste del país. La capacidad para encontrar alimento por parte de los individuos liberados es crucial, particularmente cuando se trabaja con animales provenientes de condiciones de cautiverio, ya que el establecimiento de una población autosuficiente a largo plazo dependerá de la habilidad de éstos para explotar fuentes de alimento silvestre a corto plazo. El monitoreo de hábitos alimenticios se realiza usualmente a través de observaciones comportamentales. Sin embargo, en los últimos años la técnica del meta-código de barras de ADN ha surgido como una alternativa para la obtención de datos de composición dietaria con alto nivel de resolución. En este estudio, utilizamos una combinación de ambas técnicas para caracterizar la amplitud y composición de la dieta de los guacamayos reintroducidos. A su vez, evaluamos la eficiencia de la observación directa y el código de barras genético de heces como técnicas para evaluar la composición de la dieta. Los individuos se alimentaron de una amplia variedad de especies (n = 49), abarcando un amplio espectro filogenético (28 familias). La riqueza dietaria estimada por observación directa y por meta-código de barras genético fue similar, aunque menor a la resultante de la combinación de todos los datos ya que ambas técnicas detectaron al menos 15 especies no registradas por el otro método. Mientras que el número total de especies detectadas fue mayor para los métodos observacionales, la tasa de detección de especies por día de muestreo fue mayor para el análisis genético. Estos resultados sugieren que una combinación de ambos métodos es necesaria para obtener la descripción más precisa posible de la diversidad dietaria total de una especie. La capacidad de los guacamayos reintroducidos para explotar recursos alimenticios locales a lo largo del año estaría indicando un buen nivel de adaptación al sitio de liberación, un paso muy importante hacia el establecimiento de una población de Guacamayo Rojo estable y autosuficiente en el norte de Argentina.Palabras claveAra chloropterus, Conservación, Dieta, Frugivoría, Meta-código de barras, Guacamayo Rojo, Reintroducción, Ecología tróficaLAY SUMMARYThe Red-and-green Macaw reintroduction project aims to restore this species to Argentina, where it is locally extinct. To assess if reintroduced macaws are successfully adapting to life in the wild, we studied their foraging habits at the Iberá National Park. Their food consumption was observed visually, and their feces were analyzed with molecular methods for traces of the consumed plants.Macaws fed from a large diversity of food items, exhibiting a flexible diet which varied with fruit availability in different months. A combination of both methods was required to obtain the most accurate account of the total diversity of the diet of a species.The reintroduced macaws were able to successfully locate and exploit food resources throughout the year, indicating a good level of adjustment to the release site.


2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Poliana Ribeiro Pereira ◽  
Carlos Sérgio Agostinho ◽  
Rafael José de Oliveira ◽  
Elineide Eugênio Marques

The objective of this study was to characterize the trophic structure of the community of fishes exploiting riverine sandbank habitats. Collections were carried out during the period of October 1999 to December 2003, on six sand banks in the upper and middle portions of the Tocantins River drainage basin in central Brazil. The availability of food resources was evaluated based on the volume of the items present in the stomachs of all species. A total of 2,127 stomachs of fish belonging to 50 species were analyzed. Nine main trophic guilds grouped the local ichthyofauna according to diet. Aquatic-origin items were the preferred source for 55.5% of the groups analyzed, whereas terrestrial-origin items composed 44.4%. Items of undetermined origin (detritus and sediment), although present in 89% of the guilds, were the predominant food in only one trophic group. Terrestrial insects and fish were the food sources with the largest biomass available in the environment. Sandbank environments are homogeneous, with little shelter and food available; as a rule, the species that occupy these environments are generalists.


2019 ◽  
Vol 132 (4) ◽  
pp. 368-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma J. Nip ◽  
Barbara Frei ◽  
Kyle H. Elliott

Avian body mass reflects a trade-off between risk of starvation and predation, and may vary with ambient temperature, age, and time of day. Seasonal variability in body mass is a common occurrence in northern temperate regions, including adaptive fattening. Previous evidence suggests that seasonal variability is less pronounced in tree-feeding bird species, as their food sources during winter are less limited and variable compared to ground-foraging species. We determined fat scores of tree-feeding Black-capped Chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) captured year-round between 2004 and 2015 (n = 4248) in southern Quebec, to test the relative strength of possible drivers of variability in chickadee body mass, including time, date, and year of capture, age, and temperature. First, we demonstrated that scaled mass index (SMI) was the body condition index, out of four possible indices tested, which most strongly correlated with fat scores measured in the field. We used SMI subsequently as our estimator of body condition to avoid observer effects associated with fat scores. Similar to other studies, time of capture significantly affected SMI, in which birds captured later were heavier, indicating that chickadees experience overnight weight loss and subsequent weight gain from foraging throughout the day. SMI was constant from April to November, then peaked in late winter, but was not influenced by daily temperature after accounting for month and year. SMI was not significantly affected by age. We concluded that adaptive fattening is an evolutionary response to risk of starvation in winter, rather than a proximal response to immediate ambient temperature.


2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 87-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilima Ho-Lastimosa ◽  
Jane J. Chung-Do ◽  
Phoebe W. Hwang ◽  
Theodore Radovich ◽  
Ikaika Rogerson ◽  
...  

Prior to western arrival in 1778, Native Hawaiians possessed a sophisticated culture and resource management system conducive to an island ecosystem. However, disenfranchisement from ancestral lands and traditional food sources as a result of colonization led to Native Hawaiians being forced to abandon many of their traditional practices. Today, many Native Hawaiians experience food insecurity, placing them at further risk for obesity and other nutrition-related chronic diseases. Consequently, there is a growing need for place-based and culturally relevant strategies rooted in Hawaiian epistemology to address these issues. This paper describes the history and development of one such intervention – the MALAMA study – in the community of Waimānalo that innovatively merges the modern technology of aquaponics with traditional Native Hawaiian practices and values.


Author(s):  
Andrew Spring ◽  
Blair Carter ◽  
Alison Blay-Palmer

Canada’s North offers unique food systems perspectives. Built on close cultural and spiritual ties to the land, the food systems within many northern communities still rely on the harvesting and gathering of traditional food and function through the sharing of food throughout the community. However, social, economic and environmental pressures have meant that some communities rely more on food purchased from the stores, which can be unhealthy and expensive, leading to high rates of food insecurity and chronic health problems in many communities in the North. Northern communities are now dealing with the impacts of climate change that are increasing pressure on the food system by limiting both access to the land and the availability of traditional food sources. This research presents a case study from the Northern Canadian boreal community of Kakisa, Northwest Territories. Using a Participatory Action Research (PAR) methodology, community members play an active role in identifying threats to the community food system, as well as developing community-based solutions to foster adaptation and transformation of their food systems to become more resilient to the impacts of climate change. By using the Community Capitals Framework to identify multiple stressors on the food system this research illustrates how a community can allocate available capitals to adapt to the impacts of climate change as well as identify which capitals are required to build a more sustainable food system.


2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 120
Author(s):  
Betty Yosephin Simanjuntak ◽  
Desri Suryani ◽  
Miratul Haya ◽  
Ali Khomsan

Indigenous food can be said as a local identity because of its existence as part of the culture of the community, such as certain procedures in processing their food, its role in community culture and governance, and recipes that are maintained from generation to generation. Purpose of this research was to identify the kinds of traditional foods, preferences in the consumption pattern in the family of farmers. FGD was performed on each ethnic group, and the members were mothers who understood the traditional foods consumed by people in the related ethnic group and they resided in the ethnic group. Most of the food sources of vegetables consumed by the community were vegetables that many people got from rice fields/dryfields/ gardens Traditional food snacks, side dishes and vegetables in the agricultural households as such as bolu semut, rebung asam ikan gaguk, guasan, gulai nangko,and gulai jamur gerigit.


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