Drosophila parasitoid–host interactions: vibrotaxis and ovipositor searching from the host's perspective

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marla B. Sokolowski ◽  
Ted C. J. Turlings
Keyword(s):  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Encounter Rate ◽  
Female Parasitoid ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Asobara Tabida ◽  
Searching Strategy ◽  
Individual Host ◽  
Drosophila Larvae ◽  
Host Strains ◽  
Host Movement

Two strains of Drosophila differing in host movement were simultaneously offered to a female parasitoid of either Leptopilina heterotoma or Asobara tabida. The number of encounters with the moving and nonmoving host strains was independent of larval movement forL. heterotoma whereas a highly significant effect of movement was found for A. tabida. This increased encounter rate of A. tabida with moving larvae resulted from the interaction of this parasitoid's searching strategy (vibrotaxis) and the polymorphic behaviour of the hosts. We conclude that differences in searching mode of two parasitoids of Drosophila larvae, A. tabida and L. heterotoma, can influence individual host susceptibility.

Olfactory Microhabitat Selection in Leptopilina Heterotoma (Thomson) (Hym.: Eucoilidae), a Parasitoid of Drosophilidae

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise E.M. Vet ◽  
Karin Van Opzeeland
Keyword(s):  
Foraging Efficiency ◽  
Microhabitat Selection ◽  
Behavioural Flexibility ◽  
Ecological Significance ◽  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
Temporal Separation ◽  
Leptopilina Heterotoma ◽  
Asobara Tabida ◽  
Drosophila Larvae ◽  
Larval Conditioning

Leptopilina heterotoma (Thomson) and Asobara tabida (Nees), solitary endoparasitoids of frugivorous Drosophila larvae, are assumed to be competitors. Olfactometer experiments showed, however, that the species differ in their preference for microhabitat odours. Whereas A. tabida prefers a fresh fermenting sugar/yeast medium, L. heterotoma prefers this medium in a later stage of decay. These results are confirmed by field observations. This temporal separation between the species, which is not complete because some multiparasitism does occur, may be one of the factors to their coexistence. Odour preference in L. heterotoma is not modified by larval conditioning, but conditioning of the adults significantly influenced their odour response. The ecological significance of such learning is discussed. It is argued that even though such behavioural flexibility may enhance foraging efficiency when resources are unpredictable, it may also influence the amount of competition between the two parasitoid species.

A technique for transplanting gall-making insects: impacts on gall-maker and parasitoid larvae

2008 ◽  
Vol 140 (5) ◽  
pp. 611-616
Author(s):  
Graham H. Cox ◽  
Stephen B. Heard ◽  
Julie M. Seehawer
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Solidago Altissima ◽  
Transplant Survival ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Transplant Stress ◽  
Individual Host ◽  
Thin Walled ◽  
One Year

AbstractPast studies of gall-maker-host interactions have been hampered by an inability to conduct experimental transplants of individuals between host plants. We describe a method for transplanting gall-maker larvae between galls on different individual host plants. Our method involves removing and inserting larvae through slits cut in young galls, and allows for healing and continuing growth of the gall. We developed and tested our method with larvae of the gall-making moth Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis Riley (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on its two host plants, Solidago altissima L. and S. gigantea Ait. (Asteraceae). For three of four host × year combinations, unparasitized larvae survived at similar rates in transplants and controls. On one host in one year, transplant survival was low, possibly as a result of severe drought stress. Interestingly, survival of parasitized gall-maker larvae was lower in transplants for three of four host × year combinations, suggesting that gall-makers stressed by parasitoid attack are less able to tolerate transplant stress. Our technique may be applicable to many other gall-maker species, especially those making relatively thin-walled galls, and should represent a valuable new tool for the study of gall-maker-host interactions.

Avoidance of encapsulation in the absence of VLP by a braconid parasitoid of Drosophila larvae: an ultrastructural study

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (12) ◽  
pp. 2193-2198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrice Eslin ◽  
Philippe Giordanengo ◽  
Yvelise Fourdrain ◽  
Geneviève Prévost
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Adhesive Properties ◽  
Digestive Tube ◽  
Virus Like Particles ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Asobara Tabida ◽  
Larval Host ◽  
Drosophila Larvae ◽  
Host Tissues

The hymenopteran Asobara tabida Nees (Braconidae: Alysiinae) parasitizes the larval stages of Drosophila species. In D. melanogaster, 90% of A. tabida eggs avoid encapsulation and are found embedded within the tissues (digestive tube, fat body, tracheae, etc.) of their larval host. Electron microscopy was used to investigate if the embedment of the parasitic egg within the tissues of its host may prevent encapsulation. Study revealed that the outer layer of the A. tabida egg consists of a fibrous exochorion that exhibits adhesive properties within the tissues of D. melanogaster. Three hours after oviposition, any basement membrane surrounding the host tissues that is in contact with the parasitic egg is stuck to the exochorion. Attachment rapidly increases. Nine hours post oviposition, the A. tabida egg is almost totally surrounded by a sheath of host tissue, with only limited areas of the surface remaining uncovered and exposed to attack by the host hemocytes. It is therefore concluded that the adhesion of A. tabida eggs to the host tissues is likely to contribute to their protection from encapsulation during embryogenesis. Also, electron microscopy reveals that no virus-like particles occur in A. tabida, unlike any other braconid parasitoid studied. The absence of virus-like particles is discussed with regard to the importance of host regulation of the particles in other braconid species.

scholarly journals PRESENCE OF SNP OF INTERLEUKIN17F IN PATIENTS WITH PERIODONTITIS IN A BULGARIAN POPULATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 3692-3699
Author(s):  
Antoaneta Mlachkova ◽  
◽  
Zdravka Pashova-Tasseva ◽  
Christina Popova ◽  
Maya Kicheva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Complex Disease ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Individual Host ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Bulgarian Population ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Specific Symptoms

Introduction: It`s well known that the periodontitis is а complex disease initiated by bacteria, but modified by environmental factors and the host response. As any other chronic disease, the periodontal disease is influenced by the individual predisposition of the patient to develop the specific symptoms. The increasing number of studies in the area of the genetic factors and mechanisms of the patient to develop the specific condition is leading to the need for certain polymоrphism’s to be studied in details for the Bulgarian population. Aim: The recent study aims to identify the presence of SNP of IL-17F in the Bulgarian population. Materials and methods: In the study, 40 patients with periodontitis stage II, III and IV and 10 healthy control subjects were taking part. The age of the subjects varied between 23 and 75 with an average value of 46 years. Clinical and radiographic methods to establish the basic periodontal parameters were used. Laboratory methods were performed by means of Real-Time PCR for determination of SNP of Interleukin 17F (IL-17F) (-7488C/T rs_763780). The statistic data was processed with PCA – IBM SPSS Statistics Version 21. From all of the patients, informed consent was taken. Results: The recent study collected information about the dominating genotype when studying SNP of IL-17 F for patients with periodontitis. The presence of two genotypes was established – genotype TT (92%) and genotype CT (8%). We have established specific tendencies about the distribution of major parameter for diagnosis of periodontitis such as BoP and BL/Age in both groups. The individual host susceptibility can be used as a diagnostic parameter leading to the development of screening methods in order suspectable individuals to be found. Conclusion: The study has contributed to clarifying the genetic characteristic of the tested subject. The results confirmed the data from different studies that aim to research the genetic polymorphism of IL-17F in relation to periodontitis.

scholarly journals Parasite-induced shifts in host movement may explain the transient coexistence of high- and low-pathogenic disease strains

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdou Moutalab Fofana ◽  
Amy Hurford
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Medical Interventions ◽  
Individual Host ◽  
High Virulence ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Viruses ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Host Movement

AbstractMany parasites induce decreased host movement, known as lethargy, which can impact disease spread and the evolution of virulence. Mathematical models have investigated virulence evolution when parasites cause host death, but disease-induced decreased host movement has received relatively less attention. Here, we consider a model where, due to the within-host parasite replication rate, an infected host can become lethargic and shift from a moving to a resting state, where it can die. We find that when the lethargy and disease-induced mortality costs to the parasites are not high, then evolutionary bistability can arise, and either moderate or high virulence can evolve depending on the initial virulence and the magnitude of mutation. These results suggest, firstly, the transient coexistence of strains with different virulence, which may explain the coexistence of low- and high-pathogenic strains of avian influenza and human immunodeficiency viruses, and secondly, that medical interventions to treat the symptoms of lethargy or prevent disease-induced host deaths can result in a large jump in virulence and the rapid evolution of high virulence. In complement to existing results that show bistability when hosts are heterogeneous at the population-level, we show that evolutionary bistability may arise due to transmission heterogeneity at the individual host-level.

scholarly journals Inconsistent trends regarding the association between ABO blood groups and susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Jasmin Lee ◽  
Carol Guo
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Blood Type ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Host Interaction ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Viral Particles

ABO antigens, produced from the ABO gene, are known to impact host interactions with various viruses. One characteristic is the host’s susceptibility to viral infections. Host interaction with viral particles is altered by the blood type-determined combination of ABO antigens on the cellular surface. SARS-CoV-2 is a novel strain of the coronavirus family known to have structural similarities with SARS-CoV. Considering ABO antigens’ association with SARS-CoV, studies have examined their relationship with SARS-CoV-2 as well. We reviewed current perspectives on the relationship between host susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infections and ABO antigens by examining cohort studies observing proportional differences between patients of varying blood types. While many studies indicated a higher risk of type A patients and a lower risk for type O patients, trends tended to vary per population. Consequently, we investigated the differences in study design between cohort studies that produced the variation in trends. Additionally, we examined genome-wide association studies that indicate a genetic association between the variables. We present the need for a standardized calculation method determining the significance of each blood group in its relationship with SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility per cohort.

scholarly journals Performance of generalist hemiparasitic Euphrasia across a phylogenetically diverse host spectrum

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Brown ◽  
Paloma Moore ◽  
Alex D Twyford
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Host Selection ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Selection Pressures ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Hemiparasitic Plants ◽  
Individual Host ◽  
Local Host ◽  
Common Garden Experiments

Generalist hemiparasites may attach to many different host species and experience complex parasite-host interactions. How these parasite-host interactions impact on the fitness of hemiparasitic plants remain largely unknown. We used experimentally tractable eyebrights (Euphrasia, Orobanchaceae) to understand parasite-host interactions affecting the performance of a generalist hemiparasitic plant. Common garden experiments were carried out measuring Euphrasia performance across 45 diverse hosts and in different parasite-host combinations. We showed that variation in hemiparasite performance could be attributed mainly to host species and host phylogenetic relationships (λ = 0.82; 0.17–1.00 CI). When this variation in performance is broken down temporally, annual host species cause earlier flowering, and lead to poorer performance late in the season. While Euphrasia species typically perform similarly on a given host species, some eyebrights show more specialised parasite-host interactions. Our results show that generalist hemiparasites only benefit from attaching to a limited, but phylogenetically divergent, subset of hosts. The conserved responses of divergent Euphrasia species suggest hemiparasite performance is affected by common host attributes. However, evidence for more complex parasite-host interactions show that a generalist hemiparasite can potentially respond to individual host selection pressures and may adapt to local host communities.

scholarly journals Fitness effects and transmission routes of a microsporidian parasite infectingDrosophilaand its parasitoids

Parasitology ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 132 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. FUTERMAN ◽  
S. J. LAYEN ◽  
M. L. KOTZEN ◽  
C. FRANZEN ◽  
A. R. KRAAIJEVELD ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Ultrastructural Examination ◽  
Microsporidian Parasite ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Fitness Effects ◽  
Asobara Tabida ◽  
Microsporidian Infection ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Pupal Mortality

A microsporidian infection was discovered in laboratory cultures ofDrosophilaspecies. Ultrastructural examination suggested it belonged to the poorly characterized speciesTubulinosema kingi, and morphological and sequence data are presented. We explored howT. kingiaffected the fitness ofDrosophila melanogasterandD. subobscura, as well as the fitness of 2 of their parasitoids,Asobara tabidaandPachycrepoideus vindemiae. InDrosophila, infections caused changes in most of the traits we looked at that were associated with fitness, in particular causing a 34–55% reduction in early-life fecundity. Parasitoid fitness was affected more severely by infection than that of their hosts, with pupal mortality in particular increasing by 75–89%. We investigated the most important routes of transmission forT. kingiin a laboratory setting. LettingDrosophilalarvae feed on medium contaminated with spores from infected dead flies resulted in 100% infection. Low levels of transmission (<10%) were found between larvae, and vertically between mothers and their offspring. Parasitoids developing in infected hosts all became infected, but infected adults were neither able to transmit the pathogen to their offspring nor to their offspring'sDrosophilahost, either directly, or via contamination of the ovipositor or other body parts. A field survey ofDrosophilaand their parasitoids in southern England revealed no natural infections. We discuss the potential importance of Microsporidia in parasitoid-host interactions, and for those working withDrosophilain the laboratory.

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