Responses to host kairomones and foraging behavior of the insect parasite Cotesia rubecula (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
pp. 2393-2398 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. G. Nealis
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Pieris Rapae ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Foraging Strategy ◽  
Host Feeding ◽  
Feeding Damage ◽  
Cotesia Rubecula ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Feeding Activities

Adult female Cotesia rubecula are attracted to and arrested by kairomones produced by the feeding activities of their obligatory host, Pieris rapae. Analysis of video recordings and direct observations of individual wasps foraging in the laboratory and in the field showed that the ability to find a host depends almost exclusively on the wasps' behavioral responses to these chemical cues. Wasps do not readily leave plants that have host feeding damage. The time spent on a plant with feeding damage is further increased when a host is found because of the time spent recovering (grooming) from an attack on a host. This recovery time and the frequency of successful oviposition vary with host size. These results are discussed in relation to the parasite's foraging strategy.

scholarly journals Periwinkle climbing response to water- and airbone predator chemical cues may depend on home-marsh geography

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5744 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Carroll ◽  
Morgan B. Church ◽  
Christopher M. Finelli
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Salt Marsh ◽  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Chemical Cue ◽  
Predator Cues ◽  
Littorina Irrorata ◽  
Spatial Refuge ◽  
Response To Water

The salt marsh periwinkle, Littorina irrorata, exhibits a spatial refuge from predation by climbing the stems of Spartina alterniflora in order to avoid benthic predators. Salt marsh periwinkles have a broad geographic distribution, and for many species, responses to predators also varies with biogeography. This study sought to determine if the geographical location of the home marsh influenced the response of periwinkles (climbing height) to blue crab predator cues both via air and water. Snails from Louisiana (LA) climbed higher in general than those from North Carolina (NC), regardless of chemical cue. However, LA snails climbed 11 cm higher in the presence of waterborne predators than control snails with no cue, while NC snails only climbed five cm higher in the same comparisons. Airborne chemical cue tended to have snails climbing at intermediate heights. These responses were significantly enhanced when both populations of snails were housed together. Periwinkle response to predator cues was stronger in LA than NC, and so it is possible that the behavioral response of these snails to predators varies with biogeography of the home marsh. Also interestingly, the results of this study also suggest that cue delivery is probably occurring via mechanisms other than water, and potentially via airborne cues. Therefore, salt marsh periwinkles likely respond to numerous cues that initiate behavioral responses, including airborne cues, and these responses may vary by home-marsh geography.

Behavioral Responses of Anuran Larvae to Chemical Cues of Native and Introduced Predators in the Pacific Northwestern United States

2003 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 572-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher A. Pearl ◽  
Michael J. Adams ◽  
Gerald S. Schuytema ◽  
Alan V. Nebeker
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Anuran Larvae ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Introduced Predators

scholarly journals 19 Safety in numbers: Social isolation increases behavioral responses of cattle during startle tests

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 18-18
Author(s):  
Amanda Mathias ◽  
Courtney L Daigle
Keyword(s):  
Social Isolation ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Generalized Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Fear Response ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Safety In Numbers ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Social isolation confounds cattle fear tests. Fear tests often require individuals to be isolated from the herd, possibly eliciting other emotions (i.e. panic and grief) outside of fear. To test this, steer (n = 32) behavior during an individual startle test (IST) and a group startle test (GST) were video recorded. During IST, one steer was placed in a solid sided pen and, after 60 seconds, two umbrellas opened simultaneously. Behavior was video recorded for an additional four minutes. For GST, the same procedures were followed, except 4 familiar steers were in the pen simultaneously. Within each test, steers were evaluated in a random order. IST retesting (IST_2) occurred five weeks after the first IST (IST_1). The GST took place one week after IST_2 testing completed. Video recordings of IST_1, IST_2, and GST were decoded for frequency and duration of behavior (steps, standing bouts, time spent standing, eliminations). Relationships among behavior, test, and minute of test were analyzed using Generalized Linear Mixed Model (PROC MIXED). Minute and test affected number of steps (P < 0.0001) and time spent standing (P < 0.0001). During GST, steers performed fewer steps than in the IST_1 (P < 0.0001) and IST_2 (P = 0.0003). There were no differences in step count between IST_1 and IST_2. Steers spent more time standing during GST than IST_1 (P < 0.0001) and IST_2 (P = 0.004). No differences in time-spent standing were seen between IST_1 and IST_2. Number of standing bouts were impacted by test (P = 0.0008). Steers stood more during GST than in IST_1 (P = 0.0007) and IST_2 (PP = 0.03) with no differences observed between IST_1 and IST_2. The IST is repeatable, yet the strength of the behavioral response is reduced during GST. This is the first quantifiable representation of the impact of social isolation on the fear response in beef cattle.

Behavioral Responses by Adult Northern Leopard Frogs to Conspecific Chemical Cues

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 168
Author(s):  
Brittney M. Graham ◽  
Dylan J. O'Hearn ◽  
Irene E. MacAllister ◽  
Jinelle H. Sperry
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Leopard Frogs ◽  
Northern Leopard Frogs

Chemically mediated effects of injured prey on behavior of both prey and predators

Behaviour ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 139 (5) ◽  
pp. 585-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley Dickey ◽  
Thomas McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Procambarus Clarkii ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Refuge Use ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Mediated Effects ◽  
Prey Interaction ◽  
Crayfish Species

AbstractWe examined the behavioral responses of aquatic snails (prey) and two species of crayfish (predators) following exposure to chemical cues from injured snails. Snail survival rates and crayfish capture rates were compared between cued treatments and controls. Snails (Physa gyrina) responded to chemical cues by significantly increasing refuge use (i.e. moving to the waterline, floating or crawl-out behavior). Despite their responses, use of refugia did not influence survival rates. Crayfish species differed in their responses to these same chemicals. Orconectes juvenilis became more active (including increased movements across the substrate and reaching up sides of aquaria). In contrast, the activity levels of Procambarus clarkii did not significantly change. Nevertheless, P. clarkii captured snails in less time than O. juvenilis, regardless of whether injured-snail cue was present, and the presence of these cues did not significantly influence capture times for either crayfish species. This study provides strong evidence that injury-released chemical cues can elicit behavioral responses from both conspecific prey and their predators, but found no benefits of response for either prey or predators. The complex interplay of effects makes it difficult to draw simple, general insights about the benefits of the responses for either participant during a predator-prey interaction.

scholarly journals 115 Safety in numbers: Social isolation increases behavioral responses of cattle during startle tests

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 51-51
Author(s):  
Amanda Mathias ◽  
Courtney L Daigle
Keyword(s):  
Social Isolation ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Generalized Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Fear Response ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Safety In Numbers ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Social isolation confounds cattle fear tests. Fear tests often require individuals to be isolated from the herd, possibly eliciting other emotions (i.e. panic and grief) outside of fear. To test this, steer (n = 32) behavior during an individual startle test (IST) and a group startle test (GST) were video recorded. During IST, one steer was placed in a solid sided pen and, after 60 seconds, two umbrellas opened simultaneously. Behavior was video recorded for an additional four minutes. For GST, the same procedures were followed, except 4 familiar steers were in the pen simultaneously. Within each test, steers were evaluated in a random order. IST retesting (IST_2) occurred five weeks after the first IST (IST_1). The GST took place one week after IST_2 testing completed. Video recordings of IST_1, IST_2, and GST were decoded for frequency and duration of behavior (steps, standing bouts, time spent standing, eliminations). Relationships among behavior, test, and minute of test were analyzed using Generalized Linear Mixed Model (PROC MIXED). Minute and test affected number of steps (P < 0.0001) and time spent standing (P < 0.0001). During GST, steers performed fewer steps than in the IST_1 (P < 0.0001) and IST_2 (P = 0.0003). There were no differences in step count between IST_1 and IST_2. Steers spent more time standing during GST than IST_1 (P < 0.0001) and IST_2 (P = 0.004). No differences in time-spent standing were seen between IST_1 and IST_2. Number of standing bouts were impacted by test (P = 0.0008). Steers stood more during GST than in IST_1 (P = 0.0007) and IST_2 (PP = 0.03) with no differences observed between IST_1 and IST_2. The IST is repeatable, yet the strength of the behavioral response is reduced during GST. This is the first quantifiable representation of the impact of social isolation on the fear response in beef cattle.

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