The avian pectoralis: histochemical characterization and distribution of muscle fiber types

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 1174-1185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin W. C. Rosser ◽  
John C. George
Keyword(s):  
Adenosine Triphosphatase ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Muscle Fiber Types ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Fast Twitch ◽  
Superficial Area ◽  
Acid Stable ◽  
Acid Labile ◽  
Histochemical Characterization ◽  
Deep Area

The muscle fibers of superficial (ventral) and deep (dorsal) samples from the pectoralis muscle of 43 species of carinate birds are characterized histochemically on the basis of their myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase (mATPase) activity after acidic and alkaline preincubations. Muscle fibers are described as slow tonic (alkali-labile/acid-stable mATPase activity) or fast twitch (alkali-stable/acid-labile mATPase activity). Three varieties of fast-twitch fibers are recognized histochemically on the basis of their succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity: white (low SDH), intermediate (moderate SDH), and red (high SDH). Slow-tonic fibers are restricted to the deep distal area of the muscle in three species studied. All other muscle is fast twitch. In those species studied, there is a significantly (p ≤ 0.0001) higher proportion of red fibers in the deep area of the muscle as compared with the superficial area. The nature and distribution of the fiber types is characteristic of those vertebrate locomotory muscles most specialized for the rapid output of power. The nomenclature of avian extrafusal skeletal muscle fibers is discussed.

scholarly journals lncRNA-Six1 Is a Target of miR-1611 that Functions as a ceRNA to Regulate Six1 Protein Expression and Fiber Type Switching in Chicken Myogenesis

Cells ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manting Ma ◽  
Bolin Cai ◽  
Liang Jiang ◽  
Bahareldin Ali Abdalla ◽  
Zhenhui Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Type ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Muscle Fiber Types ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Slow Twitch Muscle ◽  
Fast Twitch Muscle ◽  
Slow Twitch ◽  
Slow Twitch Fibers ◽  
Fast Twitch

Emerging studies indicate important roles for non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) as essential regulators in myogenesis, but relatively less is known about their function. In our previous study, we found that lncRNA-Six1 can regulate Six1 in cis to participate in myogenesis. Here, we studied a microRNA (miRNA) that is specifically expressed in chickens (miR-1611). Interestingly, miR-1611 was found to contain potential binding sites for both lncRNA-Six1 and Six1, and it can interact with lncRNA-Six1 to regulate Six1 expression. Overexpression of miR-1611 represses the proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts. Moreover, miR-1611 is highly expressed in slow-twitch fibers, and it drives the transformation of fast-twitch muscle fibers to slow-twitch muscle fibers. Together, these data demonstrate that miR-1611 can mediate the regulation of Six1 by lncRNA-Six1, thereby affecting proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts and transformation of muscle fiber types.

Architecture of the pectoralis muscle of the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica): histochemical and ultrastructural characterization, and distribution of muscle fiber types

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. W. C. Rosser ◽  
J. C. George ◽  
S. K. Frombach
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Quail ◽  
Muscle Fiber ◽  
Coturnix Japonica ◽  
Muscle Fiber Types ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Pectoralis Muscle ◽  
Motor End Plate ◽  
Ultrastructural Characteristics ◽  
Fast Twitch ◽  
Acid Stable

The muscle fibers in the pectoralis muscle of the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) are classified as fast-twitch glycolytic (FG), fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic (FOG), and slow-tonic on the basis of their histochemical and ultrastructural characteristics. There is an increasing proportion of FOG/FG fibers along a superficial to deep gradient throughout the entire belly of the muscle. Slow-tonic fibers are present in low numbers, and are restricted to a tiny area located in the deepest fasciculi of the cranial third of the muscle. This distribution of muscle fiber types is typical of those vertebrate muscles adapted to a locomotory function. The slow-tonic fibers are alkali-stable and acid-stable when preincubated for myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase (mATPase) activity. Slow fibers in the chicken pectoralis and mouse soleus muscle, both types previously described as alkali-labile, acid-stable for mATPase activity, cannot be distinguished from each other or Japanese quail slow-tonic fibers on the basis of several ultrastructural characteristics: Z-line width, metabolic differences, or fusion of myofibrils. While mammalian slow fibers have one large motor end plate, all avian slow fibers have small multiple motor end plates. Mammalian slow fibers are slow-twitch, and avian slow fibers are probably slow-tonic. More complex secondary synaptic clefts distinguish mammalian from all avian fiber types.

scholarly journals Carbonic anhydrase activity in skeletal muscle fiber types, axons, spindles, and capillaries of rat soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles.

1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 1275-1288 ◽  
Author(s):  
D A Riley ◽  
S Ellis ◽  
J Bain
Keyword(s):  
Carbonic Anhydrase ◽  
Extensor Digitorum Longus ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Extensor Digitorum ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Muscle Fiber Types ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Slow Twitch ◽  
Fast Twitch

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) activities were studied in soluble extracts and cryostat sections of skeletal muscles from prepubertal and postpubertal rats. Acetazolamide inhibition was utilized to distinguish between activities of the acetazolamide-sensitive (CA I and II) and acetazolamide-resistant (CA III) forms of the enzyme. The inhibition studies indicated that fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic muscle fibers contained both the sensitive and resistant forms of CA. Acetazolamide-sensitive activity was localized within muscle fibers, axons, myelin, and capillaries. Axoplasmic staining was restricted to subpopulations of myelinated axons in both the dorsal and ventral roots. Soleus muscles exhibited significantly greater activity of CA III than extensor digitorum longus muscles at all ages examined. CA III was richest in slow-twitch oxidative and intrafusal fibers. During puberty, soleus muscle fibers matured and converted from fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic to slow-twitch oxidative fibers. There was a shift from the sensitive to the resistant form of CA; CA III activity increased about sevenfold. This activity peaked earlier in the muscles of female rats than male rats. These results demonstrated a complex distribution of CA isozymes in the neuromuscular system and pointed out that isozyme content depends on both the type of muscle and the age and sex of the animal.

Physiological, morphological, and histochemical properties of cat external anal sphincter

1988 ◽  
Vol 255 (6) ◽  
pp. G772-G778 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Krier ◽  
T. Adams ◽  
R. A. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fiber ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Succinic Dehydrogenase ◽  
Muscle Fiber Types ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Motor Axons ◽  
Fast Twitch Muscle ◽  
Fast Twitch ◽  
Stimulation Of

The contractile properties, morphology, and the distribution of striated muscle fiber types of the external and sphincter (EAS) were determined using axial force measurements, fiber size cross-sectional area measurements, and histochemistry. Electrical stimulation of motor axons in pudendal nerve at supramaximal intensities (10 V, 0.05 ms duration) elicited twitch contractions of EAS. The time to peak force after a single pulse ranged from 37 to 42 ms. The time for relaxation to half-maximal twitch force ranged from 20 to 29 ms. Repetitive stimulation of motor axons (0.1-3.0 Hz) produced potentiation and fatigue of single twitch contractile force, suggesting that the EAS of the cat is comprised predominantly of fast-twitch muscle fibers. Confirmation of skeletal muscle fiber types was determined by histochemistry. Frozen serial cross sections of EAS were incubated to demonstrate succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) and myosin adenosine triphosphatase after alkaline preincubation (pH 10.4). Based on these reactions, muscle fibers were classified as fast glycolytic (FG) (high ATPase, low SDH), fast oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) (high ATPase, high SDH), and slow oxidative (SO) (low ATPase, high SDH). The mean percentage +/- SE of each histochemical type was the following: FG, 73.5 +/- 3.9; FOG, 22.8 +/- 3.7; and SO, 3.7 +/- 0.6. These results indicate that the predominant fiber type for the EAS is FG. The EAS of the cat is considered a nominally fast-twitch muscle.

Ammonia and IMP in different skeletal muscle fibers after exercise in rats

1980 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 1037-1041 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Meyer ◽  
G. A. Dudley ◽  
R. L. Terjung
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Strenuous Exercise ◽  
Muscle Fiber Types ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Glycolytic Intermediate ◽  
Lactate Levels ◽  
Fast Twitch

Adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) deamination, estimated from inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) accumulation, was studied in the different skeletal muscle fiber types of untrained rats anesthetized with ether immediately after 4 min of treadmill running at 45 or 60 m/min. The adenylosuccinate synthetase-inhibitor hadacidin was administered (200 mg/kg ip) before exercise to block IMP reamination and, therefore, to provide a better assessment of IMP formation. The increases in blood ammonia after exercise (2.5- and 5-fold, respectively) were highly correlated (r = 0.93) with the increases in blood lactate levels (6- and 11-fold). At both speeds, IMP increased in fast-twitch but not in slow-twitch (soleus) muscle. Of the fast muscles, the increase in IMP was greatest (up to 4 mumol/g wet wt) in the white vastus lateralis (fast twitch, glycolytic), intermediate in the plantaris (mixed fibers), and lowest in the red vastus lateralis (fast twitch, oxidative glycolytic). The increases in IMP were coincident with nearly equivalent decreases in ATP. Hadacidin treatment resulted in a greater IMP accumulation after exercise in both fast-twitch types but not in the soleus. The results indicate that fast-twitch muscle fibers, particularly the fast-twitch glycolytic fibers, are the source of the ammonia produced during strenuous exercise.

Blood flow to different skeletal muscle fiber types during contraction

1983 ◽  
Vol 245 (2) ◽  
pp. H265-H275 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. G. Mackie ◽  
R. L. Terjung
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Muscle Fiber ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Oxidative Capacity ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Fiber ◽  
Muscle Fiber Types ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Blood Flows ◽  
Fast Twitch

Blood flow to fast-twitch red (FTR), fast-twitch white (FTW), and slow-twitch red (STR) muscle fiber sections of the gastrocnemius-plantaris-soleus muscle group was determined using 15 +/- 3-microns microspheres during in situ stimulation in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. Steady-state blood flows were assessed during the 10th min of contraction using twitch (0.1, 0.5, 1, 3, and 5 Hz) and tetanic (7.5, 15, 30, 60, and 120/min) stimulation conditions. In addition, an earlier blood flow determination was begun at 3 min (twitch series) or at 30 s (tetanic series) of stimulation. Blood flow was highest in the FTR (220-240 ml X min-1 X 100 g-1), intermediate in the STR (140), and lowest in the FTW (70-80) section during tetanic contraction conditions estimated to coincide with the peak aerobic function of each fiber type. These blood flows are fairly proportional to the differences in oxidative capacity among fiber types. Further, their absolute values are similar to those predicted from the relationship between blood flow and oxidative capacity found by others for dog and cat muscles. During low-frequency contraction conditions, initial blood flow to the FTR and STR sections were excessively high and not dependent on contraction frequency. However, blood flows subsequently decreased to values in keeping with the relative energy demands. In contrast, FTW muscle did not exhibit this time-dependent relative hyperemia. Thus, besides the obvious quantitative differences between skeletal muscle fiber types, there are qualitative differences in blood flow response during contractions. Our findings establish that, based on fiber type composition, a heterogeneity in blood flow distribution can occur within a whole muscle during contraction.

Influence of training on skeletal muscle enzymatic adaptations in normal and diabetic rats

1985 ◽  
Vol 249 (4) ◽  
pp. E360-E365 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. G. Noble ◽  
C. D. Ianuzzo
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Muscle Fiber Types ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Marker Enzymes ◽  
Oxidative Potential ◽  
Hydroxyacyl Coa Dehydrogenase ◽  
Fast Twitch

Muscle homogenates representing slow-twitch oxidative, fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic, fast-twitch glycolytic, and mixed fiber types were prepared from normal, diabetic, and insulin-treated diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by injection of 80 mg . kg-1 of streptozotocin. The activities of citrate synthase, succinate dehydrogenase, and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase were employed as markers of oxidative potential, whereas phosphorylase, hexokinase, and phosphofructokinase activities were used as an indication of glycolytic capacity. Diabetes was associated with a general decrement in the activity of oxidative marker enzymes for all fiber types except the fast-twitch glycolytic fiber. In contrast, the fast-twitch glycolytic fibers demonstrated the greatest decline in glycolytic enzymatic activity. Insulin-treated animals, either trained or untrained, exhibited enzyme activities similar to their normal counterparts. Exercise training of diabetic rats mimicked the effect of insulin treatment and caused a near normalization of the activity of the marker enzymes. These findings suggest that the enzymatic potential of all skeletal muscle fiber types of diabetic rats may be normalized by exercise training even in the absence of significant amounts of insulin.

Comparison of Na+ currents from type IIa and IIb human intercostal muscle fibers

1993 ◽  
Vol 265 (1) ◽  
pp. C171-C177 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Ruff ◽  
D. Whittlesey
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Voltage Dependence ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Slow Inactivation ◽  
Intercostal Muscle ◽  
Fast Inactivation ◽  
Na Currents ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Fast Twitch

The voltage dependence and amplitude of Na+ currents (INa) were studied with the loose-patch voltage-clamp technique on 19 fast-twitch human intercostal skeletal muscle fibers at the endplate border and > 200 microns from the endplate (extrajunctional). The fibers were histochemically classified as fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic (type IIa, n = 9) or fast-twitch glycolytic (type IIb, n = 10). The voltage dependence of activation and fast and slow inactivation of INa were similar for membrane patches recorded on the endplate border and on extrajunctional membrane for both fiber types. INa was about fivefold larger on the endplate border compared with extrajunctional membrane for both fiber types. Type IIb fibers had larger values of INa and manifest fast inactivation of INa at more negative potentials than type IIa fibers. The difference between type IIa and IIb fibers may enable IIb fibers to operate at higher firing frequencies for brief periods.

Cross-reinnervated motor units in cat muscle. I. Flexor digitorum longus muscle units reinnervated by soleus motoneurons

1985 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 818-836 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Dum ◽  
M. J. O'Donovan ◽  
J. Toop ◽  
R. E. Burke
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Motor Units ◽  
Muscle Fiber Types ◽  
Type I ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Glycogen Depletion ◽  
Flexor Digitorum Longus ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Flexor Digitorum ◽  
Individual Motor

The properties of flexor digitorum longus (FDL) muscles and of individual motor units were studied in cats 30-50 wk after self-reinnervation by FDL motoneurons (FDL----FDL) or cross-reinnervation by soleus (SOL) motoneurons (SOL----FDL). Individual motor units were functionally isolated by intracellular recording and stimulation of identified SOL alpha-motoneurons. Glycogen-depletion methods permitted histochemical study of muscle fibers belonging to physiologically characterized muscle units. The observations were compared with data from normal cat FDL muscles and motor units (27). Intentionally self-reinnervated FDL muscles (FDL----FDL; n = 5) were normal in size and wet weight. FDL----FDL motor units could be classified into the same physiological categories found in normal FDL [types: fast contracting, fatigable (FF), fast contracting, fatigue resistant (FR), and slow (S); n = 24], with approximately the same proportions as normal. The histochemical muscle fiber types associated with these categories were also qualitatively normal although there was evidence of marked distortion of the normal histochemical mosaic. These data confirm other studies of self-reinnervation and suggest that self-reinnervation can produce complete interconversion of muscle fiber types. Cross-reinnervation of FDL muscle by SOL motoneurons (SOL----FDL; n = 12) produced muscles that were smaller (about half the normal wet weight) and more red than normal. SOL----FDL muscle contracted more slowly than normal or FDL----FDL muscles and had much higher proportions of histochemical type I muscle fibers. In those SOL----FDL muscles, in which little or no unwanted self-reinnervation could be demonstrated, greater than 95% of the muscle fibers were type I. Forty-one individual motor units in SOL----FDL muscles were isolated by intracellular penetration in functionally identified SOL alpha-motoneurons. Their muscle units were all type S by physiological criteria (absence of "sag" in unfused tetani and marked resistance to fatigue). SOL----FDL muscle units had contraction times and fatigue properties that were essentially identical to those of type S units in the normal FDL. All of the seven units, successfully studied by glycogen depletion, exhibited histochemical type I fibers. SOL motoneurons that innervated FDL muscle units had slightly shorter afterhyperpolarization durations than normal SOL cells, but axonal conduction velocities were normal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Intracellular distribution of succinate dehydrogenase activity in skeletal muscle fibers of geese

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Swatland
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Succinate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Adenosine Triphosphatase ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Succinate Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Individual Muscle ◽  
Concentric Zone ◽  
Pectoralis Muscles

Samples of iliotibialis anterior and pectoralis muscles were taken from five ganders (Anser domesticus). Serial transverse sections were reacted for succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and alkali-stable adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase). The distribution of SDH activity within individual muscle fibers was measured with a scanning photometer. In many individual fibers, SDH activity was stronger in the periphery than in the axis. This gradient was steepest (−0.034 ± 0.019 absorbance units per concentric zone of 2 μm diameter measurements) in pectoralis fibers with strong SDH activity. In the pectoralis, radial gradients were correlated with fiber area so that the smallest fibers tended to have the steepest gradients of SDH activity. However, this relationship was reversed in fibers with strong ATPase and weak SDH activity in the iliotibialis anterior, and the largest fibers tended to have the steepest gradients. In all fiber types of both muscles, fibers with greater mean SDH activity tended to have steeper gradients.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document