The complex song of the warbling vireo

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (12) ◽  
pp. 2756-2766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daryl Howes-Jones
Keyword(s):  
Nest Building ◽  
Rhythmic Structure ◽  
Characteristic Shape ◽  
Complex Song ◽  
Dominant Feature ◽  
Nested Hierarchy ◽  
Four Levels

The song of the warbling vireo (Vireo gilvus) was described as a nested hierarchy consisting of four levels: song, figure patterns, figures, and figure regions. Song appeared to be organized as a set of nested undulations or cycles of tone of between 2 and 160 Hz. The dominant feature of song is its complex rhythmic structure. The complexity of song was considered to result from flexibility in the rules which governed how undulations on the various levels were combined. The first and last three figures of song showed characteristic shape. The figure repertoire was graded in form and similar among individuals. Figure patterns gradually changed in consecutive songs and during the season, forming what appeared to be a continuously changing set of themes with variations. Despite this variation, neighbouring males shared a greater number of figure patterns in their repertoires than more distant males. Redundancy, as measured in the first half of song, increased at the onset of nest building and was greatest when the male was sitting on the nest. Characters or structures in song that potentially encode species, individual, contextual, or motivational information were described.

Dysphagia in Hospice Care: The Roles of Social Work and Speech-Language Pathologists

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 173-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Hinson ◽  
Aaron J. Goldsmith ◽  
Joseph Murray
Keyword(s):  
Social Work ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
End Of Life Care ◽  
Hospice Care ◽  
Patient Communication ◽  
Life Care ◽  
Speech Language Pathologists ◽  
Four Levels

This article addresses the unique roles of social work and speech-language pathologists (SLPs) in end-of-life and hospice care settings. The four levels of hospice care are explained. Suggested social work and SLP interventions for end-of-life nutrition and approaches to patient communication are offered. Case studies are used to illustrate the specialized roles that social work and SLP have in end-of-life care settings.

Clinical Update: Understanding Causation: An Example Using Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 5-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Mark Melhorn
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome ◽  
Carpal Tunnel ◽  
Legal Responsibility ◽  
Medical Evidence ◽  
Anatomic Structure ◽  
Legal Professionals ◽  
Compensation Systems ◽  
Tunnel Syndrome ◽  
Four Levels

Abstract Medical evidence is drawn from observation, is multifactorial, and relies on the laws of probability rather than a single cause, but, in law, finding causation between a wrongful act and harm is essential to the attribution of legal responsibility. These different perspectives often result in dissatisfaction for litigants, uncertainty for judges, and friction between health care and legal professionals. Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) provides an example: Popular notions suggest that CTS results from occupational arm or hand use, but medical factors range from congenital or acquired anatomic structure, age, sex, and body mass index, and perhaps also involving hormonal disorders, diabetes, pregnancy, and others. The law separately considers two separate components of causation: cause in fact (a cause-and-effect relationship exists) and proximate or legal cause (two events are so closely related that liability can be attached to the first event). Workers’ compensation systems are a genuine, no-fault form of insurance, and evaluators should be aware of the relevant thresholds and legal definitions for the jurisdiction in which they provide an opinion. The AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment contains a large number of specific references and outlines the methodology to evaluate CTS, including both occupational and nonoccupational risk factors and assigning one of four levels of evidence that supports the conclusion.

Decreased TRAIL expression is a dominant feature of human HCC

2013 ◽  
Vol 51 (08) ◽  
Author(s):  
K Straub ◽  
F Weber ◽  
K Khairzada ◽  
F Simon ◽  
M Trippler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trail Expression ◽  
Dominant Feature

The fāṣila in the Qur'an: Word, Context and Meaning

1999 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 264-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Mukhtar Omar
Keyword(s):  
Rhythmic Structure ◽  
Word Context ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Apparent Similarity ◽  
Narrative Account

Fāsila is a termed used to denote the last word in each Qur'anic āya. In this article, we explore this Qur'anic usage, examining in particular the connection between the choice of word, its semantic and rhythmic role in its immediate context, and its wider signification in the narrative. Previous writers on the subject drew attention to the apparent similarity between the fāṣila and the rhythmic schemes of poetry and rhyming prose. We argue that tire fāṣila, while certainly playing a role in the rhythmic structure of the text, has a wider significance, and that an examination of each occurrence underlines the organic connection between the ‘content’ of each sentence and its fāṣila. In a number of instances, it can be shown that the fāṣila and the rhythmic and semantic demands of the narrative account for differences between standard usage and the Qur'anic text. We discuss a number of specific instances of fāṣila, and, examine these in the light of the views of classical exegetes on this feature of the Qur'an.

Effect of Bio and Organic Fertilizers on Pumpkin's (Cucurbita pepo L.) Leave Content of N, P, and K

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-245
Author(s):  
Ammar Hameed Madi ◽  
Jawad A. Kamal Al-Shibani
Keyword(s):  
Cucurbita Pepo ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
College Of Agriculture ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Four Levels

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of bacterial bio-fertilization A. chroococcum and P. putide and four levels of compost (0, 1, 2, 3) tons.h-1 on the leaves content of N.P.K elements. The experiment was carried out in one of the greenhouses of the College of Agriculture - University of Al-Qadisiyah during fall season 2018-2019. It designed in accordance with the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates in sandy loam soil. The means of treatments were compared with the least significant difference (LSD) at (5)% probability level. The results present that the treatments of A. chroococcum, P. putide and compost at (3) tons.kg-1 significantly increases the leaves content of K.P.K compared to all other treatments in the flowering stage (4.970, 0.5000, and 4.930) mg.kg-1, respectively. This treatment was followed by the effect of the treatment of A. chroococcum and compost at (3) tons.kg-1, which increases the values of all traits except the leaf content of (P). Bio-fertilizer with P. putide + A. chroococcum significantly increases the leaves' content of P.

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI RAGI Saccharomyces cerevisiae DAN LAMA FERMENTASI TERHADAP KUALITAS CUKA TOMI-TOMI (Flacourtia inermis)

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-55
Author(s):  
Sandra J Nendissa ◽  
Rachel Breemer ◽  
Nikholaus Melamas
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Total Sugar ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Randomized Experimental Design ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Four Levels

This objectives of this research were both to study and determine the best level of concentration of yeast Saccharomyces cereviseae and period of fermentation on the quality of tomi-tomi vinegar (Flacourtia inermis). A completely randomized experimental design with two factors of treatment was applied in this research. The first factor was concentration of yeast S. cereviseae having four levels of tretament, i.e.: without the addition of yeast 0.5, 1 and 1.5 g yeast. The second factor was period fermentation with 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks. The result indicated that the concentration of yeast S. cereviseae 1.5 g and period fermentation 5 week produced a good tomi-tomi vinegar with total acids 51.22%, total dissolved solids 8.35, total sugar 8.07% and pH 5.40.

KARAKTERISTIK FISIK BUBUR INSTAN TERSUBTITUSI TEPUNG PISANG TONGKA LANGIT

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-44
Author(s):  
Priscillia Picauly ◽  
Gilian Tetelepta
Keyword(s):  
Water Solubility ◽  
Physical Property ◽  
Rice Flour ◽  
Absorption Index ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Nutrition Value ◽  
Banana Flour ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Four Levels

Instant porridge is sereal-based food that can be combined with fruits so it will contain better nutrition. To improve the nutrition value of instant porridge then substitute of one kind of banana originally from Maluku is Tongka langit banana. A good quality of instant porridge has a high nutrition and a best physical property. This research aims to characterize of the physical properties instant porridge that are substituted by Tongka langit banana flour and the rice flour. The design that is applied is completely randomized design with four levels of treatment in comparing the substitution between Tongka langit banana flour and the rice flour as follow 20%, 40%, 60% and 80%. According to the result of this research, the physical characteristic of instant porridge that are substituted by Tongka langit banana flour are bulk density (0.84-0.89 g/mL), water absorption index (3.49-4.05%), and water solubility index (0.02-0.04%).

The Four Levels of Detachment in Doris Lessing’s Shikasta

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 73-97
Author(s):  
Phyllis Sternberg Perrakis
Keyword(s):  
Four Levels
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