Lack of diet segregation between sexes and age groups in feral horses

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (11) ◽  
pp. 2583-2585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark S. Lenarz
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Intraspecific Competition ◽  
Food Habits ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Diet Selection ◽  
Feral Horses ◽  
Range Use

Past research on large ungulates has suggested that species might minimize intraspecific competition by assuming sex- or age-specific diets. Diet segregation has, in fact, been documented in a variety of taxa but tends to be confounded by sexual dimorphism or differential range use. A hypothesis regarding diet selection was tested using food habits data from feral horses. The results indicate that diet segregation does not take place either between sexes or among age groups.

scholarly journals Non-Pregnant and Pregnant Women’s Femininity Preferences in Male Faces: Tests Based on Within- and Between-Sex Sexual Dimorphism Facial Manipulations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fangfang Wen ◽  
Bin Zuo ◽  
Yang Wang ◽  
Shuhan Ma ◽  
Shijie Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Chinese Women ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Facial Stimulus ◽  
Facial Cues ◽  
Facial Masculinity ◽  
Facial Stimuli ◽  
Pregnancy Status ◽  
Face Stimuli ◽  
Women’S Preferences

AbstractPast research on women’s preferences for male facial masculinity in Western cultures has produced inconsistent results. Some inconsistency may be related to the use of different facial stimulus manipulations (e.g., between-sex sexual dimorphic facial manipulation or within-sex sexual dimorphic facial manipulation) that do not perfectly avoid non-facial cues, and pregnancy status may also influence women’s face preferences. We therefore recruited pregnant and nonpregnant Chinese women and manipulated the sexual dimorphism of male facial stimuli to explore the influences of manipulation methods, non-facial cues, and pregnancy status on face preferences. Results showed that: (1) in contrast with a general masculinity preference observed in Western cultures, both pregnant and nonpregnant Chinese women preferred feminized and neutral male faces generally; (2) pregnant women’s preference for feminized male faces was stable across manipulation methods, while nonpregnant women preferred feminized male faces except under between-sex sexual dimorphism manipulation; and (3) manipulation methods, rather than non-facial cues, influenced participants’ face preferences. Specifically, women showed the strongest preferences for femininity when face stimuli were manipulated by within-sex sexual dimorphic facial manipulation, followed by unmanipulated faces and between-sex sexual dimorphic facial manipulation. This effect was stronger for nonpregnant women in the unmanipulated condition and for pregnant women in the between-sex sexual dimorphic facial manipulation. This research provides empirical evidence of women’s preferences for sexual dimorphism in male faces in a non-Western culture, as well as the effects of facial manipulation methods, pregnancy status, and the interactions between these factors.

Sexual Dimorphism and Food Habits in Three North American Accipiters

The Auk ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Storer
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
North American ◽  
Food Habits

scholarly journals Sexually Dimorphic Faciometrics in Black Racial Groups From Early Adulthood to Late Middle Age

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 147470491881105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia M. Robertson ◽  
Barbara E. Kingsley
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Black Population ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Face Height ◽  
Racial Background ◽  
Full Face ◽  
Older Populations

An increasing body of research focusing on gender-related traits has utilized faciometrics in order to consider sexual dimorphism: Aspects as diverse as social heuristics, facial attractiveness, sexual orientation, aggression, and trustworthiness have all been investigated. However, the majority of these studies have tended to focus on White or Caucasian student populations and have paid little regard to either older populations or racial background. The current study therefore investigated sexual dimorphism in 450 participants (225 women) from a Black population across four age groups (20s, 30s, 40s, and 50s). In line with much previous research using White or Caucasian faces, the expected sexual dimorphism was seen in the younger age-group in three of the four indices (cheekbone prominence, facial width to lower facial height, and lower face height to full face height). However, consistent with more recent literature, the facial width to height ratio (fWHR) was not found to be significantly different between men and women in this age-group. Contrary to previous research, when considering broader age groups, the three established measures of facial sexual dimorphism, when looked at independently, remained static over time, but this was not true for fWHR. It is concluded that facial structure does not follow the same aging trajectory in all populations and care should be taken in choice of facial metric, depending on the nature of the sample under investigation.

scholarly journals ANGER, LOVE, SADNESS: DO EMOTION WORDS HAVE THE SAME SEMANTIC MEANING ACROSS AGE-GROUPS?

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S841-S842
Author(s):  
Madeline J Nichols ◽  
Jennifer A Bellingtier ◽  
Frances Buttelmann
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Semantic Meaning ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Emotion Words ◽  
Emotion Word ◽  
Age Related

Abstract Every day we use emotion words to describe our experiences, but past research finds that the meanings of these words can vary. Furthermore, historical shifts in language use and experiential knowledge of the emotions may contribute to age-differences in what these emotion words convey. We examined age-related differences in the valence, arousal, and expression connoted by the words anger, love, and sadness. We predicted age-related differences in the semantic meanings of the words would emerge such that older adults would more clearly differentiate the positivity/negativity of the words, whereas younger adults would report higher endorsement for the conveyed arousal and expression. Participants included American and German older adults (N=61; mean age=68.98) and younger adults (N=77; mean age=20.77). Using the GRID instrument (Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, 2013), they rated each emotion word for its valence, arousal, and expression when used by a speaker of the participant’s native language. Across emotions and dimensions, older adults were generally more moderate in their understanding of emotion words. For example, German older adults rated anger and sadness as suggesting the speaker felt less bad and more good than the younger adults. American older adults rated love as connoting the speaker felt more bad and less good than younger adults. Arousal ratings were higher for German younger, as opposed to older, adults. Cultural differences were most pronounced for sadness such that German participants gave more moderate answers than American participants. Overall, our research suggests that there are age-related differences in the understanding of emotion words.

Food Habits of Bison at Wind Cave National Park

1978 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 161-165
Author(s):  
Robert Dahlgren ◽  
Jewel Popp
Keyword(s):  
South Dakota ◽  
Food Habits ◽  
National Park ◽  
Bison Bison ◽  
Range Use ◽  
Forage Species ◽  
Considerable Impact ◽  
Prairie Ecosystem

Wind Cave National Park (WCNP) in southwestern South Dakota represents a vestige of the prairie ecosystem. American bison (Bison bison) are the most numerous ungulates in the Park and the largest herbivore. Thus bison have potential for considerable impact on the rangelands. Relatively few studies (Meagher 1973, Peden et al. 1974, Peden 1976, Reynolds 1978) were conducted on bison food habits. None was conducted on mid-grass prairies typical of WCNP. Dietary information is important for determining the value of the range to bison as well as management of bison in relation to other herbivores. The objectives of this study are to determine seasonal food habits of bison, key forage species, and how the bison interact with other major herbivores in range use.

scholarly journals Sympatric Speciation in Threespine Stickleback: Why Not?

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel I. Bolnick
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Assortative Mating ◽  
Intraspecific Competition ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Sympatric Speciation ◽  
Threespine Stickleback ◽  
Disruptive Selection ◽  
Evolutionary Diversification ◽  
Trait Variance

Numerous theoretical models suggest that sympatric speciation is possible when frequency-dependent interactions such as intraspecific competition drive disruptive selection on a trait that is also subject to assortative mating. Here, I review recent evidence that both conditions are met in lake populations of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Nonetheless, sympatric speciation appears to be rare or absent in stickleback. If stickleback qualitatively fit the theoretical requirements for sympatric speciation, why do they not undergo sympatric speciation? I present simulations showing that disruptive selection and assortative mating in stickleback, though present, are too weak to drive speciation. Furthermore, I summarize empirical evidence that disruptive selection in stickleback drives other forms of evolutionary diversification (plasticity, increased trait variance, and sexual dimorphism) instead of speciation. In conclusion, core assumptions of sympatric speciation theory seem to be qualitatively reasonable for stickleback, but speciation may nevertheless fail because of (i) quantitative mismatches with theory and (ii) alternative evolutionary outcomes.

scholarly journals Developmental Analysis of Prospective Effects of Problem Drinking and Health Problems in Three-Age Groups

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 1008-1008
Author(s):  
Thomas Kwan ◽  
Douglas Bowlby ◽  
Matthew Lee
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Problem Drinking ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Group Factor ◽  
Moderate Drinking

Abstract Past research has clearly demonstrated interrelations between drinking and health. However, little research has investigated this from a lifespan-development perspective, which is the objective of the current study. Our hypotheses predicted results consistent with the familiar “J-shaped curve” of drinking effects on health, including that health problems would be (1) lower in moderate drinkers than abstainers and (2) higher in excessive drinkers than moderate drinkers. We also hypothesized that these protective effects of moderate drinking would increase with age across the lifespan. The current study used two waves of data from a large U.S.-representative sample. Analyses used 3*3 between-persons ANCOVAs that tested a three-level Wave-1 drinking-group factor and a three-level Wave-1 age-group factor. Of particular importance were the drinking-group-by-age interactions. Various Wave-2 health outcomes were predicted in different ANCOVAs, and each ANCOVA controlled for Wave-1 levels of the Wave-2 health outcome. Across nearly all health outcomes, young adults did not show significant differences between abstainers and moderate drinkers, whereas midlife and older adults consistently showed better health for moderate drinking versus abstainers. This suggests that protective effects of moderate drinking apply more-so to midlife and older adults than young adults. Surprisingly, excessive drinkers generally did not show poorer health than moderate drinkers, except for mixed evidence for such effects only among older adults. Thus, only older adults showed patterns entirely consistent with our hypothesized “J-shaped curve.” A next analytic step we will conduct in advance of this poster presentation will assess if alternative excessive-drinking operationalizations more consistently signal health problems.

scholarly journals Spatial-ontogenetic structure of Globularia bisnagarica L. (Plantaginaceae) cenopopulations

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-346
Author(s):  
Anna O. Kondratieva ◽  
◽  
Alena S. Parkhomenko ◽  
Alexandr S. Kashin ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Intraspecific Competition ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Mutual Arrangement ◽  
Spatial Relationships ◽  
Orenburg Region ◽  
Recovery Index ◽  
Ontogenetic Structure ◽  
The Republic

The results of studying the spatial-ontogenetic structure of five cenopopulations of Globularia bisnagarica L. on the territory of the Orenburg region and the Republic of Tatarstan are presented. Analysis of the age structure using the OntoParam program algorithm revealed the heterogeneity of ontogenetic spectra in most cenopopulations. Assessment of the parameters of average age, recovery index and ageing index showed that most cenopopulations are capable of self-restoration and maintenance of numerosity. Analysis of spatial structure taking into account the ontogenetic state of individuals showed that the spatial relationships between pregenerative and generative individuals is random in most cases, which indicates the absence of any pronounced interactions between plants from these age groups. In the cenopopulation from Severny district of the Orenburg region, there is a slight sparseness in the mutual arrangement of pregenerative and generative individuals, which may be due to the influence of intraspecific competition.

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