Ultraviolet transmission by the ocular media of goldfish: implications for ultraviolet photosensitivity in fishes

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 1244-1251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig W. Hawryshyn ◽  
B. Ralph Chou ◽  
Ross D. Beauchamp
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Action Spectrum ◽  
Chromatic Aberration ◽  
Visible Range ◽  
Sensitivity Curves ◽  
Beam Scattering ◽  
Peak Sensitivity ◽  
Ocular Media ◽  
Uv Transmittance

Spectral transmittance of goldfish (n = 10) ocular media was measured in the 320- to 750-nm range with a spectrophotometer modified to eliminate problems associated with chromatic aberration and beam scattering. Absolute transmittance in the visible range was 0.8 at 400 nm and 0.95 at 750 nm. Transmittance below 400 nm dropped off to 0.3 at 340 nm and exhibited high variability between individuals. Linear regression analysis showed that ultraviolet (UV) transmittance was not systematically related to age, body weight, standard length, or ocular diameter of fish. Low UV transmittance of the ocular media was shown to influence the UV peak spectral sensitivity by narrowing the action spectrum on the short wavelength side and displacing the UV peak sensitivity to longer wavelengths. Correcting spectral sensitivity curves for ocular media transmittance resulted in agreement with λmax 370 nm absorption spectrum.

Fly photoreceptors I. Physical separation of two visual pigments in Calliphora retinula cells 1-6

1975 ◽  
Vol 190 (1099) ◽  
pp. 211-224 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Visual Pigments ◽  
Polarization Sensitivity ◽  
Physical Separation ◽  
Adaptation Mechanisms ◽  
Sensitivity Curves ◽  
Peak Sensitivity ◽  
Two Peaks ◽  
Different Parts

The two peaks of the spectral sensitivity curves of Calliphora correspond to two visual pigments. The peak sensitivity to polarized light for the u. v. sensitive pigment is at an angle to that for the green-sensitive pigment. The change in angle of the maximum polarization sensitivity as a function of wavelength occurs near 400 nm; in this transition the curves do not follow a cos 2 function. The angle between the two maxima is different for each retinula cell. The only explanation of this phenomenon is that there are two visual pigments in different parts of the receptor, and one part is twisted relative to the other. There are therefore two metarhodopsins and the adaptation mechanisms are partially separate for the two peaks of the spectral sensitivity. The inference of two separated pigments modifies the interpretation of much previous work on fly photoreceptors.

Feeding behavior in the nocturnal moth Manduca sexta is mediated mainly by blue receptors, but where are they located in the retina?

1995 ◽  
Vol 198 (9) ◽  
pp. 1909-1917 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Cutler ◽  
R Bennett ◽  
R Stevenson ◽  
R White
Keyword(s):  
Manduca Sexta ◽  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Compound Eye ◽  
Action Spectrum ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Feeding Response ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Nectar Feeding ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Two Peaks

The spectral sensitivity of nectar feeding by adults of the tobacco hawkmoth Manduca sexta was measured in free-choice experiments. The action spectrum displayed a narrow peak at 450 nm and a low secondary maximum at 560 nm. Thus, the feeding response is mediated primarily by blue-sensitive receptors containing the Manduca sexta photopigment P450, while green-sensitive receptors containing P520 play a minor role. A minimum at 500 nm separating the two peaks suggests mutual inhibition between green and blue receptors or negative interaction more proximally in the visual system. The action spectrum drops off abruptly at 400 nm, in accordance with an earlier finding that ultraviolet wavelengths, discerned by receptors containing P357, obstruct the feeding response. The spectral sensitivity of the Manduca sexta compound eye, determined by electroretinogram recordings, and earlier visual pigment measurements indicate that approximately 75 % of the receptors are green-sensitive, with the remainder divided between blue- and ultraviolet-sensitive cells. The distribution of receptor types in small areas of the retina was measured by their ultrastructural response to light. Green and ultraviolet receptors were found, but not the blue receptors that dominate the feeding response. Possibly they are concentrated in a particular region of the retina that has not yet been found.

scholarly journals Photoreceptors and diurnal variation in spectral sensitivity in the fiddler crab Gelasimus dampieri

2020 ◽  
Vol 223 (23) ◽  
pp. jeb230979
Author(s):  
Anna-Lee Jessop ◽  
Yuri Ogawa ◽  
Zahra M. Bagheri ◽  
Julian C. Partridge ◽  
Jan M. Hemmi
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Colour Vision ◽  
Fiddler Crab ◽  
Selective Adaptation ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Intracellular Recordings ◽  
Retinular Cell ◽  
Minimum Requirement ◽  
Peak Sensitivity ◽  
Retinular Cells

ABSTRACTColour signals, and the ability to detect them, are important for many animals and can be vital to their survival and fitness. Fiddler crabs use colour information to detect and recognise conspecifics, but their colour vision capabilities remain unclear. Many studies have attempted to measure their spectral sensitivity and identify contributing retinular cells, but the existing evidence is inconclusive. We used electroretinogram (ERG) measurements and intracellular recordings from retinular cells to estimate the spectral sensitivity of Gelasimus dampieri and to track diurnal changes in spectral sensitivity. G. dampieri has a broad spectral sensitivity and is most sensitive to wavelengths between 420 and 460 nm. Selective adaptation experiments uncovered an ultraviolet (UV) retinular cell with a peak sensitivity shorter than 360 nm. The species’ spectral sensitivity above 400 nm is too broad to be fitted by a single visual pigment and using optical modelling, we provide evidence that at least two medium-wavelength sensitive (MWS) visual pigments are contained within a second blue-green sensitive retinular cell. We also found a ∼25 nm diurnal shift in spectral sensitivity towards longer wavelengths in the evening in both ERG and intracellular recordings. Whether the shift is caused by screening pigment migration or changes in opsin expression remains unclear, but the observation shows the diel dynamism of colour vision in this species. Together, these findings support the notion that G. dampieri possesses the minimum requirement for colour vision, with UV and blue/green receptors, and help to explain some of the inconsistent results of previous research.

Spectral sensitivity of the electroretinogram b-wave in dark-adapted goldfish

1988 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan D. Nussdorf ◽  
Maureen K. Powers
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Spectrum ◽  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Dark Adaptation ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Action Spectrum ◽  
Absolute Threshold ◽  
Selective Loss

AbstractThe action spectrum of the ERG b-wave was measured under dark-adapted conditions in intact goldfish (Carassius auratus). It is substantially broader than the absorption spectrum of goldfish rod porphyropsin. Neither prolonged dark adaptation nor removal of possible efferent neural activity affected its shape. Moreover, a 682-nm background did not produce a selective loss of sensitivity to long wavelengths. The results imply that the spectral sensitivity of the b-wave in dark-adapted goldfish reflects the influence of at least two photoreceptor types which act as a single univariant mechanism near absolute threshold.

scholarly journals The spectral sensitivity of Drosophila photoreceptors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla R. Sharkey ◽  
Jorge Blanco ◽  
Maya M. Leibowitz ◽  
Daniel Pinto-Benito ◽  
Trevor J. Wardill
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Spectral Range ◽  
Visual Pigment ◽  
Colour Vision ◽  
Neural Processing ◽  
Cross Modulation ◽  
Screening Pigment ◽  
Peak Sensitivity

AbstractDrosophila melanogaster has long been a popular model insect species, due in large part to the availability of genetic tools and is fast becoming the model for insect colour vision. Key to understanding colour reception in Drosophila is in-depth knowledge of spectral inputs and downstream neural processing. While recent studies have sparked renewed interest in colour processing in Drosophila, photoreceptor spectral sensitivity measurements have yet to be carried out in vivo. We have fully characterised the spectral input to the motion and colour vision pathways, and directly measured the effects of spectral modulating factors, screening pigment density and carotenoid-based ocular pigments. All receptor sensitivities had significant shifts in spectral sensitivity compared to previous measurements. Notably, the spectral range of the Rh6 visual pigment is substantially broadened and its peak sensitivity is shifted by 92 nm from 508 to 600 nm. We propose that this deviation can be explained by transmission of long wavelengths through the red screening pigment and by the presence of the blue-absorbing filter in the R7y receptors. Further, we tested direct interactions between photoreceptors and found evidence of interactions between inner and outer receptors, in agreement with previous findings of cross-modulation between receptor outputs in the lamina.

scholarly journals Wild hummingbirds discriminate nonspectral colors

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (26) ◽  
pp. 15112-15122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Caswell Stoddard ◽  
Harold N. Eyster ◽  
Benedict G. Hogan ◽  
Dylan H. Morris ◽  
Edward R. Soucy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Monochromatic Light ◽  
Color Space ◽  
Color Perception ◽  
Color Discrimination ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Simultaneous Stimulation ◽  
Cone Type ◽  
Sensitivity Curves

Many animals have the potential to discriminate nonspectral colors. For humans, purple is the clearest example of a nonspectral color. It is perceived when two color cone types in the retina (blue and red) with nonadjacent spectral sensitivity curves are predominantly stimulated. Purple is considered nonspectral because no monochromatic light (such as from a rainbow) can evoke this simultaneous stimulation. Except in primates and bees, few behavioral experiments have directly examined nonspectral color discrimination, and little is known about nonspectral color perception in animals with more than three types of color photoreceptors. Birds have four color cone types (compared to three in humans) and might perceive additional nonspectral colors such as UV+red and UV+green. Can birds discriminate nonspectral colors, and are these colors behaviorally and ecologically relevant? Here, using comprehensive behavioral experiments, we show that wild hummingbirds can discriminate a variety of nonspectral colors. We also show that hummingbirds, relative to humans, likely perceive a greater proportion of natural colors as nonspectral. Our analysis of plumage and plant spectra reveals many colors that would be perceived as nonspectral by birds but not by humans: Birds’ extra cone type allows them not just to see UV light but also to discriminate additional nonspectral colors. Our results support the idea that birds can distinguish colors throughout tetrachromatic color space and indicate that nonspectral color perception is vital for signaling and foraging. Since tetrachromacy appears to have evolved early in vertebrates, this capacity for rich nonspectral color perception is likely widespread.

The Spectral Sensitivity of the Goldfish and the Clawed Toad Tadpole Under Photopic Conditions

1965 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-493
Author(s):  
J. R. CRONLY-DILLON ◽  
W. R. A. MUNTZ
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Optomotor Response ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Phototactic Response ◽  
Sensitivity Curves ◽  
Maximal Sensitivity ◽  
Toad Tadpole ◽  
Cone Sensitivity ◽  
Vitamin A2

1. Photopic spectral sensitivity curves have been obtained by means of the optomotor response for the tadpole of the clawed toad (Xenopus laevis), and for the goldfish (Carassius auratus). Both these animals have visual pigments based on vitamin A2, and would be expected therefore to have photopic sensitivity curves maximal at about 615 mµ and fitting, at any rate approximately, the absorption spectrum of cyanopsin. 2. The results with Xenopus show a broad curve extending far into the red, and having its maximal sensitivity at about 630 mµ It is probable that this curve reflects the summated activity of two receptors, maximally sensitive at 610 and 630 m/t. 3. The results are discussed in relation to other behavioural work with Xenopus, using the phototactic response, in which an entirely different form of spectral curve was obtained, and in relation to behavioural and physiological data which are available for Rana. 4. The photopic curve of the goldfish shows three humps, which can be separated out to a large extent by using different background illuminations. One hump is maximal at about 610 mµ, the classical position for cone sensitivity in freshwater fish. A second hump is maximal at about 530 mµ and is probably due to the rods, and the third hump is maximal at about 450 mµ in the blue. The relation of these three receptors to colour vision in this animal are discussed.

scholarly journals Influence of stomach mucosa tissue on the efficacy of intragastric antibacterial PDT

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-39
Author(s):  
A. Gnerucci ◽  
P. Faraoni ◽  
S. Calusi ◽  
F. Fusi ◽  
G. Romano
Keyword(s):  
Optical Model ◽  
Gastric Wall ◽  
Action Spectrum ◽  
Visible Range ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Stomach Mucosa ◽  
H Pylori

To estimate the light action spectrum for the in vivo phototherapy of H. pylori in the visible range, we performed a simulation of the light transmitted by a simple optical model of the gastric wall structure.

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