Effect of flightlessness during moult on the iron content in the pectoralis muscle of the Giant Canada Goose (Branta canadensis maxima)

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 480-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. W. C. Rosser ◽  
J. C. George
Keyword(s):  
Wild Population ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Canada Geese ◽  
Pectoralis Muscle ◽  
Disuse Atrophy ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Type Composition ◽  
Moult Period ◽  
Giant Canada Goose

Adult male Giant Canada Geese, collected from a nonmigratory wild population during their premoult, moult, and postmoult periods were studied for changes in the pectoralis muscle. A significant (p ≤ 0.0001) drop in the lean dry weight of the pectoralis muscle during the moult period when the birds were flightless was attributed to disuse atrophy. The concentration of iron in the pectoralis muscle increased significantly (p ≤ 0.0054) during the moult, but the total amount of iron in the muscle remained constant during the three periods. It was revealed that iron was not lost during disuse atrophy, but that it became more concentrated as muscle mass decreased. The diverse results reported in the literature need to be reevaluated in light of concurrent changes in muscle under different experimental conditions and also the different fiber type composition of the muscles studied.

Morphometry, histochemistry, and contractility of dystrophic hamster diaphragm

1987 ◽  
Vol 253 (2) ◽  
pp. R275-R284 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Burbach ◽  
E. H. Schlenker ◽  
J. L. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tension Development ◽  
Fiber Type Composition ◽  
Type Composition ◽  
Fiber Number

Differences in gross and microscopic morphology, fiber-size distribution, and fiber-type composition were present in the diaphragm of 35-, 130-, and 180-day-old dystrophic (Bio 14.6) compared with age-matched control (Bio F1B) hamsters. The dystrophic diaphragm was significantly thicker than the control at 130 and 180 days. Increases in wet-to-dry weight ratios, connective tissue per unit area, and muscle fiber number suggest that increased tissue hydration, fibrosis, and fiber hyperplasia contribute to diaphragm hypertrophy. Marked variations of fiber areas and diameters were evident in each fiber type at each age, but generalized atrophy predominated over hypertrophy, resulting in significant decreases in cross-sectional areas of each fiber type. Significant differences in fiber-type composition were noted in the dystrophic vs. control diaphragm at each age: at 35 days the percentage of slow-oxidative fibers was lower and in fast-oxidative fibers was higher; at 130 days the percentage of fast-oxidative fibers remained elevated; at 180 days the percentage of fast-glycolytic fibers was reduced. In vitro contractility studies of 130-day-old animals showed that twitch and peak tension development were significantly lower in the dystrophic compared with the control diaphragm, whereas optimal length, contraction time, and half-relaxation time were within control limits. Microscopic and physiological abnormalities were also present in the soleus of 130-day-old dystrophic animals. As in the diaphragm, fiber areas were reduced, connective tissue area increased, and peak and twitch tension decreased significantly compared with the control soleus. The histopathological and pathophysiological changes in the diaphragm correlated well with each other and are consistent with the slowly evolving inability of the dystrophic hamster to increase tidal volume and minute ventilation in response to a hypercapnic challenge.

scholarly journals Influence of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles on Two Terrestrial Wild Plant Species

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 335
Author(s):  
Daniel Lizzi ◽  
Alessandro Mattiello ◽  
Alessio Adamiano ◽  
Guido Fellet ◽  
Emanuele Gava ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerium Oxide ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Wild Plant ◽  
Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Wild Plant Species ◽  
Leaf Tissues

Most current studies on the relationships between plans and engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are focused on food crops, while the effects on spontaneous plants have been neglected so far. However, from an ecological perspective, the ENMs impacts on the wild plants could have dire consequences on food webs and ecosystem services. Therefore, they should not be considered less critical. A pot trial was carried out in greenhouse conditions to evaluate the growth of Holcus lanatus L. (monocot) and Diplotaxis tenuifolia L. DC. (dicot) exposed to cerium oxide nanoparticles (nCeO2). Plants were grown for their entire cycle in a substrate amended with 200 mg kg−1nCeO2 having the size of 25 nm and 50 nm, respectively. nCeO2 were taken up by plant roots and then translocated towards leaf tissues of both species. However, the mean size of nCeO2 found in the roots of the species was different. In D. tenuifolia, there was evidence of more significant particle aggregation compared to H. lanatus. Further, biomass variables (dry weight of plant fractions and leaf area) showed that plant species responded differently to the treatments. In the experimental conditions, there were recorded stimulating effects on plant growth. However, nutritional imbalances for macro and micronutrients were observed, as well.

scholarly journals Biological Determinants of Track and Field Throwing Performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Nikolaos Zaras ◽  
Angeliki-Nikoletta Stasinaki ◽  
Gerasimos Terzis
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Type ◽  
Small Body ◽  
The Body ◽  
Track And Field ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Type Composition ◽  
Biological Determinants

Track and field throwing performance is determined by a number of biomechanical and biological factors which are affected by long-term training. Although much of the research has focused on the role of biomechanical factors on track and field throwing performance, only a small body of scientific literature has focused on the connection of biological factors with competitive track and field throwing performance. The aim of this review was to accumulate and present the current literature connecting the performance in track and field throwing events with specific biological factors, including the anthropometric characteristics, the body composition, the neural activation, the fiber type composition and the muscle architecture characteristics. While there is little published information to develop statistical results, the results from the current review suggest that major biological determinants of track and field throwing performance are the size of lean body mass, the neural activation of the protagonist muscles during the throw and the percentage of type II muscle fiber cross-sectional area. Long-term training may enhance these biological factors and possibly lead to a higher track and field throwing performance. Consequently, coaches and athletes should aim at monitoring and enhancing these parameters in order to increase track and field throwing performance.

Fiber type composition of four hindlimb muscles of adult Fisher 344 rats

1999 ◽  
Vol 111 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert S. Staron ◽  
William J. Kraemer ◽  
Robert S. Hikida ◽  
Andy C. Fry ◽  
Jerry D. Murray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Type ◽  
Fiber Type Composition ◽  
Hindlimb Muscles ◽  
Type Composition

Myostatin regulates fiber-type composition of skeletal muscle by regulating MEF2 and MyoD gene expression

2009 ◽  
Vol 296 (3) ◽  
pp. C525-C534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Hennebry ◽  
Carole Berry ◽  
Victoria Siriett ◽  
Paul O'Callaghan ◽  
Linda Chau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Fiber Formation ◽  
Type I ◽  
Mobility Shift ◽  
Enhancer Activity ◽  
Fiber Type Composition ◽  
Nuclear Extracts ◽  
Type Composition

Myostatin (Mstn) is a secreted growth factor belonging to the tranforming growth factor (TGF)-β superfamily. Inactivation of murine Mstn by gene targeting, or natural mutation of bovine or human Mstn, induces the double muscling (DM) phenotype. In DM cattle, Mstn deficiency increases fast glycolytic (type IIB) fiber formation in the biceps femoris (BF) muscle. Using Mstn null (−/−) mice, we suggest a possible mechanism behind Mstn-mediated fiber-type diversity. Histological analysis revealed increased type IIB fibers with a concomitant decrease in type IIA and type I fibers in the Mstn−/−tibialis anterior and BF muscle. Functional electrical stimulation of Mstn−/−BF revealed increased fatigue susceptibility, supporting increased type IIB fiber content. Given the role of myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) in oxidative type I fiber formation, MEF2 levels in Mstn−/−tissue were quantified. Results revealed reduced MEF2C protein in Mstn−/−muscle and myoblast nuclear extracts. Reduced MEF2-DNA complex was also observed in electrophoretic mobility-shift assay using Mstn−/−nuclear extracts. Furthermore, reduced expression of MEF2 downstream target genes MLC1F and calcineurin were found in Mstn−/−muscle. Conversely, Mstn addition was sufficient to directly upregulate MLC promoter-enhancer activity in cultured myoblasts. Since high MyoD levels are seen in fast fibers, we analyzed MyoD levels in the muscle. In contrast to MEF2C, MyoD levels were increased in Mstn−/−muscle. Together, these results suggest that while Mstn positively regulates MEF2C levels, it negatively regulates MyoD expression in muscle. We propose that Mstn could regulate fiber-type composition by regulating the expression of MEF2C and MyoD during myogenesis.

Fast-to-slow shift of muscle fiber-type composition by dietary apple polyphenols in rats: Impact of the low-dose supplementation

2016 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wataru Mizunoya ◽  
Shinpei Okamoto ◽  
Hideo Miyahara ◽  
Mariko Akahoshi ◽  
Takahiro Suzuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fiber ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Muscle Fiber Type ◽  
Fiber Type Composition ◽  
Type Composition ◽  
Muscle Fiber Type Composition

Relationship of Fiber Type Composition to Marbling and Tenderness of Bovine Muscle

1981 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 708-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. CALKINS ◽  
T. R. DUTSON ◽  
G. C. SMITH ◽  
Z. L. CARPENTER ◽  
G. W. DAVIS
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Type ◽  
Bovine Muscle ◽  
Fiber Type Composition ◽  
Type Composition ◽  
Relationship Of

177 EFFECT OF SPRINT TRAINING FREQUENCY ON MUSCLE FIBER TYPE COMPOSITION

1993 ◽  
Vol 25 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. S33
Author(s):  
M. Esbj??rnsson ◽  
Y. H-Westing ◽  
P. Balsom ◽  
B. Sj??din ◽  
E. Jansson
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fiber ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Muscle Fiber Type ◽  
Sprint Training ◽  
Fiber Type Composition ◽  
Type Composition ◽  
Training Frequency ◽  
Muscle Fiber Type Composition
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