Effects of pH on the early development and growth and otolith microstructure of chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Geen ◽  
J. D. Neilson ◽  
M. Bradford
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Growth Increment ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Acidic Water ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Growth Increments ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
Daily Growth Increment

Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) eggs, alevins, and fry were reared in pH 4.5, 5.0. 5.5, 6.2 (control), and 7.0 water from the eyed stage of development. Survival through hatching was >90% in all instances. Alevin mortality was high at pH 4.5 and 5.0. Fry were more tolerant of low pH than alevins. Growth rates of alevins and fry held at or above pH 5.0 and 4.5, respectively, were not affected by pH, nor did exposure to acidic water retard otolith development or result in their resorption. One otolith daily growth increment was formed every 24 h in alevins and fry irrespective of pH. Widths of otolith daily growth increments decreased when fry were transferred to pH 4.5 water and increased on their return to higher pH indicating changes in growth rate. Transfer of fry from pH 6.2 to pH 5.0 or 5.5 had no effect on increment widths.

Otoliths of Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha): Daily Growth Increments and Factors Influencing Their Production

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 1340-1347 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Neilson ◽  
Glen H. Geen
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Fish Length ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
Otolith Growth ◽  
Increment Width ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Growth Increments ◽  
Otolith Increment

The effects of photoperiod, feeding frequency, and water temperature on formation of otolith daily growth increments in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were examined. Feeding frequency influenced both increment number and width, whereas photoperiod and temperature affected only increment width. Fish fed once/24 h produced one increment every 24 h on average, while fish fed 4 times/24 h produced more than one increment every 24 h. Wider increments were produced in fish exposed to warmer water (11 °C) or 24 h of darkness. The ratio of otolith size to fish size remained constant throughout and between the photoperiod, temperature, and feeding frequency experiments, regardless of the number or width of increments produced. Although otolith growth is isometric with respect to increase in fish length under these experimental regimes, otolith microstructure will differ in fish of the same size reared under different environmental conditions. An understanding of factors affecting otolith increment production is required before increment number and width can be used to assess growth rates.Key words: otolith, daily, growth increments, chinook salmon

Biological and environmental rhythms reflected in molluscan shell growth

1968 ◽  
Vol 42 (S2) ◽  
pp. 64-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgio Pannella ◽  
Copeland Macclintock
Keyword(s):  
Shell Growth ◽  
Spring Tide ◽  
Growth Increment ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Daily Increments ◽  
Growth Increments ◽  
Tridacna Squamosa ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Daily Growth Increment

Tidal cycles are reflected in daily growth-increment sequences in shells of many Recent and fossil mollusks. Living specimens of the bivalve Mercenaria mercenaria were notched at the growing edge of the shell and planted intertidally in Barnstable Harbor, Massachusetts. Shells from two lots, killed at intervals of 368 and 723 days after planting, show the same number of small growth increments as there were days from notching to killing. Superimposed on daily growth record are effects of winter (thin daily increments) and tides (14-day cycles of thick and thin daily increments). Comparison of Barnstable tide record with the first year's growth shows that, for each 14-day cycle, thin daily increments form during neap tides and thicker daily increments form during spring tides. Although tidal patterns are present in subtidal Mercenaria shells, they are rarely as pronounced as in intertidal ones. Spawning patterns differ from winter patterns; they are expressed in the shell by an interruption of regular deposition followed by a series of thin daily increments. Continuous sequences of bidaily patterns, one thick daily increment followed by a relatively thin one, are common in M. mercenaria.The clearest 14-day cycles of deposition were seen in shells of the bivalve Tridacna squamosa. Each daily neap-tide increment is a simple layer consisting of a dark and light zone. Each daily spring-tide increment is a complex layer consisting of two light-dark alternations separated by a depositional break that is more pronounced than the breaks delimiting daily intervals. Preliminary results of growth-increment counts in fossils show a generally decreasing trend of the mean values of days per lunar month toward the Recent. The Pennsylvanian value is 30.07 ± 0.08, a figure that is in general agreement with those of Scrutton (1964), who counted 30.59 days per month on Devonian corals, and Barker (1966), who reported more than 30 days per month in Pennsylvanian bivalves.

scholarly journals Identifying the contribution of wild and hatchery Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to the ocean fishery using otolith microstructure as natural tags

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (12) ◽  
pp. 1683-1692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Barnett-Johnson ◽  
Churchill B Grimes ◽  
Chantell F Royer ◽  
Christopher J Donohoe
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Otolith Microstructure ◽  
Exogenous Feeding ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Wild Salmon ◽  
Growth Increments ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Mixed Stock

Quantifying the contribution of wild (naturally spawned) and hatchery Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to the mixed-stock ocean fishery is critical to understanding their relative importance to the persistence of salmon stocks. The inability to distinguish hatchery and wild salmon has inhibited the detection of declines or recoveries for many wild populations. By using Chinook salmon of known hatchery and wild origin, we established a baseline for separating these two sources using otolith microstructure. Otoliths of wild salmon contained a distinct exogenous feeding check likely reflecting an abrupt transition in food resources from maternal yolk not experienced by fish reared in hatcheries. Daily growth increments in otoliths from hatchery salmon immediately after the onset of exogenous feeding were wider and more uniform in width than those in wild fish. The discriminant function that we used to distinguish individuals reared in hatcheries or in the wild was robust between years (1999 and 2002), life history stages (juveniles and adults), and geographic regions (California, British Columbia, and Alaska) and classified fish with ~91% accuracy. Results from our mixed-stock model estimated that the contribution of wild fish was 10% ± 6%, indicating hatchery supplementation may be playing a larger role in supporting the central California coastal fishery than previously assumed.

Differences in otolith microstructure between hatchery-reared and wild Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 344-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Zhang ◽  
R. J. Beamish ◽  
B. E. Riddell
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Otolith Microstructure ◽  
Exogenous Feeding ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Strait Of Georgia ◽  
Growth Increments

Otolith microstructure exhibited some characteristic differences between hatchery-reared and wild chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from the Cowichan River. Daily growth increments that formed in the otoliths of the hatchery-reared chinook salmon after exogenous feeding were more regular in width and contrast than those in the otoliths of wild chinook salmon. In addition, otoliths from hatchery-reared individuals frequently produced a check when the fish were released from the hatchery. Eighty-nine percent of a sample of 67 chinook smolts that had been coded-wire tagged in hatcheries and later captured in the Strait of Georgia were correctly identified as originating from hatcheries based on otolith microstructure. These tagged fish originated from at least 17 different hatcheries, indicating that the method could be used to identify chinook salmon originating from other hatcheries.

Effect of Temperature on Initial Feeding in Alevins of Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 1554-1562 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Heming ◽  
J. E. McInerney ◽  
D. F. Alderdice
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Food Presentation ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Mature Stage ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Fish Size ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Active Feeding ◽  
Feeding Zone

Growth and survival of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) during the transition to active feeding were examined in relation to the timing of initial food presentation at 6, 8, 10, and 12 °C. The transition to active feeding in these salmon involved a period of "precocious feeding" during which ingestion of food had no effect on fish size, growth rate, or survival. Initial utilization of food for growth and survival did not coincide with any specific stage of development, but rather it occurred earlier and at a less mature stage of development at higher temperatures. Delays in initial food presentation beyond this point reduced fish size and survival. Temperature and the timing of initial food presentation interacted to create a zone of optimum feeding. Biomass production was maximized when alevins began to feed within this zone, independent of the precise time of initial food presentation or temperature. This optimum feeding zone existed at temperatures below 12 °C, between 905 thermal units (tu) postfertilization and a point (F, tu) which varied with temperature (T, °C) as F = 1201.1 − 20.3 T.Key words: temperature, initial feeding, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, fish culture

scholarly journals Turbidity of Landlocked Fall Chinook Salmon Ovarian Fluid in Relation to Egg Survival

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick A. Nero ◽  
Michael E. Barnes ◽  
Matthew M. Wipf
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Poor Survival ◽  
Ovarian Fluid ◽  
Egg Survival ◽  
Egg Development ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Potential Indicator

This study evaluated the use of ovarian fluid turbidity as a potential indicator of landlocked fall Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha egg survival. A total of 21 females were spawned, with nine of the spawns containing between one and ten broken eggs per spawn. Ovarian fluid turbidity ranged from 55.1 to 159 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU), and egg survival to the eyed-stage of egg development ranged from 0 to 68%. There was no significant correlation between ovarian fluid turbidity and egg survival. Mean survival of eggs from the spawns containing broken eggs was 12.3%, which was significantly lower than the 32.9% mean survival from spawns without broken eggs. These results indicate ovarian fluid turbidity cannot be used to predict egg survival in spawns of landlocked fall Chinook Salmon, but the presence of even a small number of broken eggs may be indicative of poor survival to the eyed-egg stage of development.

GHSIM Developed in Spreadsheet Quattro Pro Simulates the Interactive Greenhouse

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 448c-448
Author(s):  
Douglas A. Hopper
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth Increment ◽  
Pest Population ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Pest Infestation ◽  
Inhibition Of Growth ◽  
Population Spread ◽  
Repeated Applications ◽  
Daily Growth Increment

A computer model, GHSIM, was formulated in Quattro Pro spreadsheet format. GHSIM was designed having individual pages calculating simulated activities necessary for greenhouse production. Pages were arranged by alphabetical topics starting with the “Area” used in the greenhouse. Time advanced by 1 day for each 10 s of real time. The time advance in the program can be paused to make setting changes interactively. Pest infestation occurred as probabilities accumulated, and the pest population spread through the greenhouse based on proximity and density of pests. Pest control was simulated by a pesticide application capable of partially reducing populations; repeated applications could effectively eliminate a pest. Crop growth was simulated by iterative acccumulation of biomass using Euler integration of daily plant growth. The daily growth increment was calculated using the first derivative of the Richard's Function. Large pest populations negatively impacted the daily growth increment, and pesticide applicaions would remove the inhibition of growth. Additional features proposed include light and temperature effects on the plant growth rate and accumulated biomass.

Effects of temperature on growth of the Japanese spiny lobster, Panulirus japonicus (V. Siebold) phyllosomas under laboratory conditions

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirokazu Matsuda ◽  
Takashi Yamakawa
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Spiny Lobster ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Growth Increment ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Critical Temperatures ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Panulirus Japonicus ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Daily Growth Increment

The effects of temperature on growth of phyllosomas of the Japanese spiny lobster Panulirus japonicus were investigated. Phyllosomas were individually reared at four temperatures (20°, 22°, 24° and 26°C), and intermoult period and moult increment were monitored. The improved Bêlehrádek’s equation, G = aLb (T–α)c(β–T)d, was used to describe the relationship between growth characters (G: intermoult period, moult increment or daily growth increment), body length (L) and temperature (T), with a and b being constants that change at 17·8 mm body length, c and d being common constants for all sizes, and α and β being the conceptual biological lower and upper critical temperatures, which are variables with body length. The intermoult period increased and the moult increment decreased with decreasing temperature. However, a negative influence on both the intermoult period and the moult increment was observed at 26°C for medium-sized and large phyllosomas. The largest daily growth increment was obtained at 26°C up to 15·0 mm body length, and then at 24°C. This indicates that the optimum temperature for growth decreases from 26° to 24°C at 15·0 mm body length. This optimum temperature for growth seemed to be optimal for survival.

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