Disturbed ion balance in alevins of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar chronically exposed to sublethal concentrations of cadmium

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (8) ◽  
pp. 1443-1450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Rombough ◽  
E. T. Garside
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Cadmium Poisoning ◽  
Yolk Absorption ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Tissue Sodium ◽  
Water Contents

Embryos and alevins of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar were exposed to cadmium concentrations ranging from 0.47 to 300 μg Cd/L from shortly after fertilization to near complete yolk absorption (92 days). Tissue sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and water contents of embryos and alevins were determined at 9-day intervals during this period. Cadmium had no significant effect on the tissue cation or water contents of embryos. Net water uptake by alevins was significantly inhibited at cadmium concentrations ≥0.78 μg Cd/L. Net sodium uptake was significantly inhibited at all concentrations except 79 and 300 μg Cd/L, but because of the concomitant decrease in water uptake there were no significant changes in sodium to water ratios. Net potassium uptake was significantly inhibited at concentrations ≥ 8.2 μg Cd/L and net calcium uptake was significantly inhibited at concentrations ≥ 0.78 μg Cd/L. Tissue magnesium was not affected. Calcification of skeletal elements was inhibited progressively at concentrations ≥ 0.78 μg Cd/L. Low tissue potassium and calcium levels appeared to be responsible for many of the symptoms associated with cadmium poisoning and were probably the immediate cause of death.

Yolk Absorption, Yolk Sac Constrictions, Mortality, and Growth During First Feeding of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Incubated on Astro-turf

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 1073-1078 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Hansen ◽  
D. Møller
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Lateral Force ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Artificial Substrate ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
Flat Screen ◽  
Yolk Absorption

Groups of pooled Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) eggs were incubated in a "California" incubation system with and without astro-turf, an artificial substrate, and later transferred to separate feeding units. Alevins reared in astro-turf absorbed their yolk sac faster and more efficiently than alevins reared on a flat screen. Alevins reared on the flat screen developed yolk sac constrictions probably due to the backward and lateral force created by the high swimming activity. No such malformations were found on the yolk sacs of the astro-turf reared alevins. The fry hatched without astro-turf grew faster than the fry hatched with astro-turf during the initial feeding period, but later this was reversed. Mortality of alevins and fry hatched with astro-turf was lower during incubation and during first feeding.

HEPATOGENESIS OF THE ATLANTIC SALMON (SALMO SALAR L.)

1942 ◽  
Vol 20d (4) ◽  
pp. 79-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen I. Battle
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
Intestinal Loop ◽  
Clockwise Rotation ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Ductus Choledochus ◽  
Yolk Absorption ◽  
Pyloric Stomach ◽  
The Right

The anlage of the liver of the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., arises during the eleventh week, 4.0 mm. embryo, as a proliferation of entodermal cells from the ventral wall of the anterior intestinal region. This anlage soon takes on a double appearance caudally. In embryos of 12 to [Formula: see text] weeks (4.7 to 5.0 mm.) it consists of right and left primordia with a common ventral opening into the intestine. By 13 weeks (5.4 mm. embryo) the anlage has curved toward the left, a position assumed through the counter-clockwise rotation of the intestine. The cells are becoming arranged in cords. A subsequent clockwise rotation of the intestine, apparent first in embryos of 14 weeks (6.5 mm.), draws the anlage to a dextroventral position. By 16 weeks (8.5 mm.) the ductus choledochus enters the right side of the intestine; the anlage itself passes posteriorly along the ventral surface of the intestine then abruptly forward in the form of a hook to the right of the intestine. The liver cells are arranged as branching trabeculae with some indication of vascularization. The liver anlage becomes rhomboidal and migrates to a position on the right of the rectilinear intestine, where it remains until some time after hatching. In the 25 mm. alevin (26 days after hatching) the intestine through a process of flexion commences to differentiate into cardiac and pyloric stomach, ascending and descending limbs of intestine. Simultaneously the papilla duodeni marking the opening of the ductus choledochus into the intestine is carried to a sinistrodorsal position opening into the ascending limb of the intestine at the level of the second row of pyloric caeca. Subsequent clockwise rotation of the ascending limb finally carries it to the sinistroventral margin. Yolk absorption now permits the liver to grow ventrad to the intestine, while the anterior progression of the intestinal loop is instrumental in its migration to the anterior end of the coelom. In the early parr the liver is somewhat triangular in shape with the apex posterior and in the mid-line. Through unequal growth the left median lobe in the late parr becomes much longer than the right, from which, however, it is never distinctly divided. It has now assumed the general appearance of the organ in the smolt and adult. Enlargement of the blind end of the ductus choledochus in the 21 week embryo (11.8 mm.) forms the gall bladder. Hepatic ducts are formed as branches of the primary ductus choledochus.

Cadmium toxicity and accumulation in eggs and alevins of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 2006-2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Rombough ◽  
E. T. Garside
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Cadmium Toxicity ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Cadmium Content ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Inhibition Of Growth ◽  
Ambient Concentration ◽  
Yolk Absorption ◽  
Dose Dependent

Embryos and alevins of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were exposed to cadmium concentrations of between 0.47 μg Cd/L and 27 mg Cd/L from fertilization to near complete yolk absorption. The most sensitive indicator of cadmium toxicity was the inhibition of growth in alevins, with significant reduction occurring in 0.47 μg Cd/L. The LC50 for the interval from fertilization to viable hatch was estimated to lie between 300 and 800 μg Cd/L. Newly hatched alevins had a 24-day LC50 of between 1.5 and 2.7 mg Cd/L. Sensitivity increased sharply in late alevins and significant mortality was recorded in concentrations as low as 8.2 μg Cd/L. Cadmium uptake by eggs was rapid, with dose-dependent saturation levels reached within 24 h and maintained until hatch. Although the total cadmium content of eggs increased with ambient concentration, the degree of bioaccumulation declined. The cadmium contents of newly hatched alevins were much lower but directly proportional to those of eggs. Uptake by alevins was logarithmic, independent of ambient concentration above about 1 μg Cd/L, and did not reach equilibrium during the exposure period (46 days).

Microstructure and texture of fresh and smoked Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., fillets from fish reared and slaughtered under different conditions

2001 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sjofn Sigurgisladottir ◽  
Margret S. Sigurdardottir ◽  
Helga Ingvarsdottir ◽  
Ole J. Torrissen ◽  
Hannes Hafsteinsson
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar

Persistence of Orally Administered Salmonella enterica Serovars Agona and Montevideo in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.)

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 1336-1339 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. L. NESSE ◽  
T. LØVOLD ◽  
B. BERGSJØ ◽  
K. NORDBY ◽  
C. WALLACE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Gastric Intubation

The objective of our experiments was to study the persistence and dissemination of orally administered Salmonella in smoltified Atlantic salmon. In experiment 1, salmon kept at 15°C were fed for 1 week with feed contaminated with 96 most-probable-number units of Salmonella Agona per 100 g of feed and then starved for 2 weeks. Samples were taken from the gastrointestinal tract and examined for Salmonella 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, and 16 days after the feeding ended. In experiment 2, Salmonella Agona and Montevideo were separately mixed with feed and administered by gastric intubation. Each fish received 1.0 × 108, 1.0 × 106, or 1.0 × 104 CFU. The different groups were kept in parallel at 5 and 15°C and observed for 4 weeks. Every week, three fish in each group were sacrificed, and samples were taken from the skin, the pooled internal organs, the muscle, and the gastrointestinal tract and examined for the presence of Salmonella. The results from the two experiments showed that the persistence of Salmonella in the fish was highly dependent on the dose administered. Salmonella was not recovered from any of the fish that were fed for 1 week with the lowest concentration of Salmonella. In the fish given the highest dose of Salmonella, bacteria persisted for at least 4 weeks in the gastrointestinal tract as well as, to some extent, the internal organs. The present study shows that under practical conditions in Norway, the risk of Salmonella in fish feed being passed on to the consumer of the fish is negligible.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document