Responses of vertebral numbers in rainbow trout to temperature changes during development

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Lindsey ◽  
A. M. Brett ◽  
D. P. Swain ◽  
A. N. Arnason
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Late Results ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Fin Ray ◽  
Two Temperatures ◽  
The One ◽  
Material Evidence

Eggs from one pair of an inbred hatchery strain of Salmo gairdneri were divided into 16 lots, each of which was subjected either to a sustained temperature of 4 or 12 °C, or to a temperature break (one-way transfer between these two temperatures in either direction), or to a temperature pulse (two-way transfer) at various developmental stages. Breaks in either direction produced overcompensation (vertebral counts beyond that produced by sustained rearing at the temperature to which the embryos were transferred) if applied early, or paradoxical reaction (in the unexpected direction) if applied late. Results from the temperature breaks and from the one successful pulse were satisfactorily fitted by one set of parameters computed for a previously described "atroposic" model. This is the first test for any species which combines results both of breaks in two directions and a pulse, all using the same two temperatures and offspring from a single cross; the model therefore gains credence. Contrary to a previous report, rainbow trout do not differ qualitatively in vertebral response from other teleosts; difficulties in fitting of previously published data on the species probably arose from genetic diversity in the experimental material. Evidence is also presented that fin-ray counts are unreliable in fish preserved at fork lengths of under 29 mm, which may account for failure to fit the atroposic model to our or to most other published responses of salmonid fin rays to temperature changes.

An Estimate of Energy Expenditure by Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) in a Small Mountain Stream

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 1755-1759 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Robert Feldmeth ◽  
Thomas M. Jenkins Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Mountain Stream ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Natural Stream

A method is presented which estimates energy expended by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) in a natural stream habitat. Swimming speeds were determined by counting caudal fin beat frequency in the field. Published data on metabolic rates estimated in a water tunnel respirometer were then used to calculate energy expenditure.Swimming speeds and hence energy expenditure did not vary statistically for time of day or night (overall means: swimming speed, 16.1 cm/sec; energy expenditure, 736.5 cal/kg per hour). Our calculations indicate that swimming at 16 cm/sec would cost a 100-g rainbow trout 53 cal/hr at 15 C, and about 0.48 g (live weight) of natural food per 6 hr would be needed to offset the cost of swimming.

Effect of ambient salinity on ionic and osmotic regulation of eggs, larvae, and alevins of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Y. Shen ◽  
J. F. Leatherland
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Tissue Water ◽  
Osmotic Concentration ◽  
Perivitelline Fluid ◽  
Early Developmental

The osmotic concentration of the perivitelline fluid in eggs of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) was lower in eggs maintained in distilled water than in eggs maintained in dilute artificial sea water (11‰ and 13‰). The water content of eggs, larvae, and alevins in distilled water was significantly higher than in comparable developmental stages in dilute sea water. Similarly, differences were found in the tissue Na+, K+, and Na+:K+ ratios of eggs, larvae, and alevins reared in the different ambient salinities. These data suggest that the early developmental stages of rainbow trout possess a limited capacity for osmotic or ionic regulation. Larvae appear to regulate tissue Na+ content by increasing the Na+ concentration of the perivitelline space and alevins tolerate an increase in tissue K+ content and a small decrease in tissue water content.

A Model for Responses of Vertebral Numbers in Fish to Environmental Influences During Development

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 334-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Lindsey ◽  
A. N. Arnason
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Mathematical Form ◽  
Plecoglossus Altivelis ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Fin Ray ◽  
Time Courses ◽  
Almost All

A model is proposed in which the number of vertebrae formed in an embryo is determined by two independent processes each building up with time. The processes may possibly but not necessarily represent growth and differentiation. Final number is fixed by the level that one process has attained when it is suddenly terminated by arrival of the second process at a critical level. Varying the temperature or other environmental conditions during development can differentially affect the time courses of the two processes and hence alter the numerical outcome. The model, termed "atroposic," is shown to encompass a welter of apparently conflicting published data on vertebral responses of many fish species to different constant temperatures or to single or double temperature changes. It suggests how vertebral numbers may respond strongly and in either direction to temperature perturbations, and how the responses may be extralimitary, and how large responses may be produced by quite brief temperature pulses. Concepts of several temperature-sensitive periods and of shock effects are abandoned. The model is shown to be capable of computerized fit to almost all published data on variation in vertebrae, but to only some on variation in fin-ray number. The atroposic model seems to approximate reality, but the present mathematical form may be only a special case of a more general form yet to be developed.Key words: environmental conditions, meristics, models, temperature responses, vertebrae counts, Salmo trutta, Oryzias latipes, Plecoglossus altivelis

Effects of Median-Fin Amputation on Fast-Start Performance of Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri)

1977 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. WEBB
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Ventral Lobe ◽  
Dorsal Lobe ◽  
Progressive Reduction ◽  
Caudal Fin ◽  
Lateral Body ◽  
Fin Ray ◽  
Fast Start ◽  
Major Variation

Fast-start performance of eight groups of rainbow trout with various finrays removed was measured to test the hydromechanical theory (Weihs, 1973) that large fins are required for acceleration. A trend towards decreasing performance was found for the following sequence of fin-ray amputations: control (pelvic rays amputated); dorsal fin; anal fin; dorsal lobe of caudal fin and ventral lobe of caudal fin; ventral lobe of caudal fin and anal fin; dorsal and ventral lobes of caudal fin; both caudal-fin lobes and anal fin. The series represents progressive reduction in fin and body area, as well as reduction in these areas where lateral movements are largest. Effects of fin amputation on performance were statistically significant (P > 0.05) in comparison with controls only for the last three groups lacking the caudal fin. The results confirm the hydromechanical theory, and lead to the conclusion that mechanically optimum lateral body profiles for faststart and for steady (cruising and sprint) performance are mutually exclusive. This mechanical restriction can be circumvented only in bony fish, with the evolution of flexible, collapsible fins that permit major variation in lateral body profile.

Ultrastructure of the granule cells in the small intestine of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) before and after stratum granulosum formation

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Bergeron ◽  
Bill Woodward
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Granule Cells ◽  
Protein S ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Stratum Granulosum ◽  
Cytoplasmic Granules ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Juvenile Trout

The ultrastructure of the small intestinal granule cells (GC) of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) was studied in fry and fingerlings before the cells organized to form the stratum granulosum (SG) and in 12-month-old juveniles which possess a well-developed SG several cell diameters in thickness. The GC of juvenile trout exhibit a striking reduction in nucleolar numbers and in the quantity of rough endoplasmic reticulum relative to the GC of younger fish, but contain even greater numbers of large, electron-dense cytoplasmic granules. The final stages of cellular maturation therefore take place in the GC after their organization to form a layer, and the cells appear to lose their capacity to synthesize protein(s) for the cytoplasmic granules. Since the latter structures are, nevertheless, maintained in large numbers in mature GC, it is suggested that they function intact within the cell. No precursor to the granulated form of the GC was identified in the intestine, a result which suggests that the earliest developmental stages of the GC locate within another organ.

Costumes and Choreography from Bodenwieser's Trunk: The Coat as Affective Memory

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-110
Author(s):  
Rachel Fensham
Keyword(s):  
Modern Dance ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
Personal Life ◽  
Creative Thought ◽  
Cain And Abel ◽  
Embodied Research ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One ◽  
Material Evidence ◽  
Selection Of

The Viennese modern choreographer Gertrud Bodenwieser's black coat leads to an analysis of her choreography in four main phases – the early European career; the rise of Nazism; war's brutality; and postwar attempts at reconciliation. Utilising archival and embodied research, the article focuses on a selection of Bodenwieser costumes that survived her journey from Vienna, or were remade in Australia, and their role in the dramaturgy of works such as Swinging Bells (1926), The Masks of Lucifer (1936, 1944), Cain and Abel (1940) and The One and the Many (1946). In addition to dance history, costume studies provides a distinctive way to engage with the question of what remains of performance, and what survives of the historical conditions and experience of modern dance-drama. Throughout, Hannah Arendt's book The Human Condition (1958) provides a critical guide to the acts of reconstruction undertaken by Bodenwieser as an émigré choreographer in the practice of her craft, and its ‘materializing reification’ of creative thought. As a study in affective memory, information regarding Bodenwieser's personal life becomes interwoven with the author's response to the material evidence of costumes, oral histories and documents located in various Australian archives. By resurrecting the ‘dead letters’ of this choreography, the article therefore considers how dance costumes offer the trace of an artistic resistance to totalitarianism.

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