Demography of an introduced population of white-tailed ptarmigan

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (8) ◽  
pp. 1758-1764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Hoffman ◽  
Kenneth M. Giesen
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Habitat ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Slow Process ◽  
Annual Survival ◽  
Lagopus Leucurus ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Release Area ◽  
Introduced Population

Forty wild-trapped white-tailed ptarmigan (Lagopus leucurus) were released onto Pike's Peak, Colorado, in June (six mated pairs) and September (9 males, 7 females, 12 juveniles) 1975. Numbers declined 37.5% by the first spring (1976) after the introduction. Spring densities gradually recovered, increasing from 3.4 grouse per 100 ha of breeding habitat in 1976 to 8.4 in 1979, then declined to 7.4 in 1980. Mean distance of territories from the release area increased only 0.86 km (p = 0.44) from 1976 to 1980, reflecting a slow process of expansion. Reproduction was documented in all years including 1975. Survival of released birds until 1976 was 93.3% for males, 46.1% for females, and 33.3% for juveniles. Time of release did not influence survival. Average annual survival (1976–1980) was 64.9% for adult males, 60.3% for adult females, and 43.1% for juveniles. Yearlings comprised 39.7% (range, 20.0 to 54.9%) of all birds (N = 219) identified exclusive of juveniles. Of the 219 birds identified, 137 (62.6%) were males.

Porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum) demography in central Massachusetts

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 480-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary B. Hale ◽  
Todd K. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Demographic Parameters ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Erethizon Dorsatum ◽  
Annual Survival ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
Pregnancy Status ◽  
Annual Mortality

From 1991 to 1993 we radio-collared and monitored 50 porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum) in central Massachusetts to obtain estimates of survival and reproduction, and applied these estimates to a model of porcupine population dynamics to estimate the annual rate of change (λ). The annual survival rate for all adult (> 1 year old) porcupines was 0.67 ± 0.07 (mean ± SE). Survival was higher, but not significantly so (P = 0.22), for adult females (0.74 ± 0.08) than for adult males (0.56 ± 0.12). Adult porcupines died of starvation (annual mortality rate 0.08), injuries (0.05), interactions with humans (0.04), and disease (0.05) but not predation. Annual survival of juveniles (< 1 year old) ranged from at least 0.37 in 1992 to at most 0.39 in 1993. Minimum birth rates of radio-collared females > 2 years old, determined by sightings of young near females, lactation, and pregnancy status as determined by ultrasound, were 0.64 in 1992 and 0.62 in 1993. Incorporation of maximum and minimum values of demographic parameters from this study and from the literature into population models indicated a decreasing porcupine population.

Two new species and taxonomic notes on the Neotropical spiny orb-weaving spi-ders Micrathena and Chaetacis (Araneae: Araneidae), with remarks on the development of Micrathena excavata IVAN L. F. MAGALHÃES & ADALBERTO J. SANTOS (Brazil)

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2983 (1) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
IVAN L. F. MAGALHÃES ◽  
ADALBERTO J. SANTOS
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Junior Synonym ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
Brazilian Amazonia ◽  
Central Brazil ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
Senior Synonym ◽  
First Time

In this paper, M. yanomami n. sp., from Brazilian Amazonia, Chaetacis bandeirante n. sp., from Central Brazil, and the males of M. gaujoni Simon, 1897 and M. ruschii (Mello-Leitão, 1945) n. comb. , respectively from Ecuador and Brazil, are described and illustrated for the first time. An ontogenetic series of the last development stages of both sexes of Micrathena excavata (C. L. Koch, 1836) is illustrated and briefly described. Adult females are larger and have longer legs and larger abdomens than adult males. Probably females undergo at least one additional moult before adulthood, compared to males. Micrathena ornata Mello-Leitão, 1932 is considered a junior synonym of M. plana (C. L. Koch, 1836), and M. mastonota Mello-Leitão 1940 is synonymized with M. horrida (Taczanowski, 1873). Acrosoma ruschii Mello-Leitão, 1945 is revalidated, transferred to Micrathena and considered a senior synonym of M. cicuta Gonzaga & Santos, 2004. Chaetacis necopinata (Chickering, 1960) is recorded for Brazil for the first time. Chaetacis incisa (Walckenaer, 1841) is considered a nomen dubium.

Spacing, movements, and habitat selection of the river otter in boreal Alberta

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (7) ◽  
pp. 1314-1324 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Reid ◽  
T. E. Code ◽  
A. C. H. Reid ◽  
S. M. Herrero
Keyword(s):  
Lontra Canadensis ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Movement Rates ◽  
River Otters ◽  
Aquatic Mammal ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Bog Lakes ◽  
Selection Of

Seasonal spacing patterns, home ranges, and movements of river otters (Lontra canadensis) were studied in boreal Alberta by means of radiotelemetry. Adult males occupied significantly larger annual home ranges than adult females. Males' ranges overlapped those of females and also each other's. In winter, home ranges of males shrank and showed less overlap. Otters often associated in groups, the core members typically being adult females with young, or adult males. Otters tended to be more solitary in winter. In winter, movement rates of all sex and age classes were similar, and much reduced for males compared with those in other seasons. These data indicated a strong limiting effect of winter ice on behaviour and dispersion. We tested the hypothesis that otters select water bodies in winter on the basis of the suitability of shoreline substrate and morphology for dens with access both to air and to water under ice. Intensity of selection was greatest in winter, with avoidance of gradually sloping shorelines of sand or gravel. Adults selected bog lakes with banked shores containing semi-aquatic mammal burrows, and lakes with beaver lodges. Subadults selected beaver-impounded streams. Apart from human harvest, winter habitats and food availability in such habitats are likely the two factors most strongly limiting otter density in boreal Alberta.

Time-Budgets of Camargue Horses Ii. Time-Budgets of Adult Horses and Weaned Sub-Adults

Behaviour ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 72 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 26-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Social System ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Time Budgets ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Young Horses

AbstractTime-budgets of adult and weaned sub-adult horses were studied in a small population of Camargue horses living in semi-liberty. The categories of activities used were: Standing resting, Lying flat, Lying up, Standing alert, Walking, Trotting, Galloping, Rolling and Foraging. The main differences in time-budgets were related to age and to sex : young horses spent more time lying (sleeping), males spent more time standing alert and in rapid movements (trot, gallop), while usually foraging less than did the adult females. During the three years of the study the population increased from 20 to 54 horses and there were considerable changes in social structure as the number of adult males increased. Associated with these developments there were some changes between years in the time-budgets: the most striking of which was a general trend for all horses to spend less time lying. Nonetheless the time-budgets showed a considerable constancy across years and age/sex-classes, especially with regard to time spent foraging. This conclusion may provide a clue as to why horses have an unusual social system based on long term relationships between a male and the females of his harem.

scholarly journals Social cues facilitate habitat selection: American redstarts establish breeding territories in response to song

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beth A Hahn ◽  
Emily D Silverman
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Selection ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Breeding Habitat ◽  
Conspecific Attraction ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Settlement Cues ◽  
Migratory Songbirds ◽  
American Redstarts ◽  
Spring Arrival ◽  
Northern Temperate Forests

For migratory songbirds nesting in northern temperate forests, a short breeding season demands that males rapidly establish territories. Because critical insect and vegetation resources are unavailable during spring arrival, we suggest that conspecifics serve as settlement cues for males new to a local population. To test conspecific attraction, we conducted playback experiments with American redstarts Setophaga ruticilla . Experimental results demonstrate that song playbacks strongly attract conspecifics, recruiting an average of 4.2 additional males per plot; adult males new to our sites increased, while yearling males failed to respond. Yearlings arrived 6 to 10 days later than adults, raising the possibility that yearlings responded to songs of early arriving adults rather than to playbacks. Our work indicates that conspecific attraction is an important mechanism for breeding habitat selection in an established population of a migratory forest songbird, but the effect is moderated by age, reproductive experience and arrival timing.

Extrinsic Inter- and Intra-specific Competition in Parasitoid Wasps

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Ode ◽  
Dhaval K. Vyas ◽  
Jeffrey A. Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Interference Competition ◽  
Apparent Competition ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Natural Ecosystem ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Alternate Host ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Behavioral Mechanisms

The diverse ecology of parasitoids is shaped by extrinsic competition, i.e., exploitative or interference competition among adult females and males for hosts and mates. Adult females use an array of morphological, chemical, and behavioral mechanisms to engage in competition that may be either intra- or interspecific. Weaker competitors are often excluded or, if they persist, use alternate host habitats, host developmental stages, or host species. Competition among adult males for mates is almost exclusively intraspecific and involves visual displays, chemical signals, and even physical combat. Extrinsic competition influences community structure through its role in competitive displacement and apparent competition. Finally, anthropogenic changes such as habitat loss and fragmentation, invasive species, pollutants, and climate change result in phenological mismatches and range expansions within host–parasitoid communities with consequent changes to the strength of competitive interactions. Such changes have important ramifications not only for the success of managed agroecosystems, but also for natural ecosystem functioning. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Entomology, Volume 67 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Observations on social behaviour of Atlantic walruses (Odobenus rosmarus (L.)) during terrestrial haul-out

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Salter
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Agonistic Interactions ◽  
Age Composition ◽  
Body Contact ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Odobenus Rosmarus

Social interactions in walrus herds of mixed sex and age composition were recorded at a haul-out site on the east coast of Bathurst Island, N.W.T., during July–August 1977. Most walruses maintained body contact with at least one other walrus while hauled out on land; herds were usually circular in shape. Adult males, adult females, and immatures all displaced other walruses, and thus entered herds, by jabbing with the tusks. Dominance during agonistic interactions was related to relative tusk length and sex and age of interactants. Behaviour of walruses on land suggested an energetic advantage in mutual body contact, which would be maximized by occupation of interior positions within herds.

scholarly journals The Influence of Age, Sex, Pregnancy, Starvation, and Other Factors on the Cytoplasmic Ribonucleoproteins of Rat Liver

1958 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 771-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary L. Petermann ◽  
Mary G. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Liver Tissue ◽  
Microsomal Protein ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Differential Centrifugation ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Analytical Ultracentrifuge ◽  
Total Rna ◽  
Adult Females

Rat liver was homogenized in 0.88 M sucrose. The DNA and total RNA were determined, and the homogenate was fractionated by differential centrifugation. The pellets obtained between 30 minutes at 20,000 g and 180 minutes at 105,000 g were analyzed for RNA and nitrogen. The ribonucleoproteins were determined in the analytical ultracentrifuge. The non-pellet RNA was calculated by difference. The results are reported as amounts per 6.7 x 10-9 mg. of DNA. In young, growing male rats the amounts of microsomal protein and ribonucleoprotein B (83S) increased with age. Non-pregnant adult females showed less non-pellet RNA and much more ribonucleoprotein C (63S) than did adult males. During pregnancy both of these cell constituents reverted to levels characteristic for male animals. Starvation for 5 days resulted in a reduction in the mass of liver tissue, the non-pellet RNA, the microsomal protein, and ribonucleoproteins B and C. During recovery from starvation the return of the liver to normal paralleled the rate at which body weight was restored. Treatment with cortisone, 25 mg. per rat per day for 5 days, caused an increase in microsomal protein and a decrease in ribonucleoprotein B. Treatment with 6-mercapto-purine, 50 mg. per kilo per day for 5 days, caused little change in liver composition in either males or females.

scholarly journals Population census and age category character of Stump-tailed macaque, Macaca arctoides, in Northern Peninsular Malaysia

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
SYAMIL ABD RAHMAN ◽  
MOHD-RIDWAN ABD RAHMAN ◽  
AMSAH MOHD ARIF ◽  
MUHAMMAD ABDUL-LATIFF ABU BAKAR ◽  
BADRUL MUNIR MD ZAIN
Keyword(s):  
Population Data ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Population Census ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Malay Peninsula ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Macaca Arctoides ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Pelage Coloration ◽  
Age Category

Abstract. Syamil AR, Mohd-Ridwan AR, Amsah MA, Abdul-Latiff MAB, Md-Zain BM. 2019. Population census and age category character of Stump-tailed macaque, Macaca arctoides, in Northern Peninsular Malaysia. Biodiversitas 20: 2446-2452. Macaca arctoides is reported to be distributed only in the northern part of Malay Peninsula. Intensive scientific observations have never been carried out before on this neglected macaque in the northern range. Thus, in this article, an estimation of population data on the Malaysian stump-tailed macaques that were found in Wang Kelian forest areas in Perlis State Park, Malaysia is presented. Intensive field observations were conducted from Sept 2018 to January 2019 with scanning sampling. The study revealed a total of 171-176 stump-tailed macaques, consisting of 44 (25%) adult males, 28 (16%) adult females, 19-22 (11%) sub-adult males, 16-19 (10%) sub-adult females, 43 (25%) juveniles, and 21-23 (13%) infants. Two main groups were observed, which were the Nomad and the Batat groups. Their ranging areas appear to sometimes overlap each other, while some Nomad members were observed in the Batat group. The age structure can be differentiated through body size and pelage coloration. The stump-tailed macaque populations in Wang Kelian are sensitive to human presence, while their habitat area is threatened by human illegal poaching activities. More conservation efforts are needed to conserve this neglected macaque from local extinction.

The eastern horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus megaphyllus, in south-east Queensland, Australia: colony demography and dynamics, activity levels, seasonal weight changes, and capture-recapture analyses

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 425 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Young
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Colony Size ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Colony Demography ◽  
Capture Recapture ◽  
Horseshoe Bat ◽  
Size Estimates

During this study, 634 eastern hoseshoe bats, Rhinolophus megaphyllus, were captured at three colonies in south-east Queensland, with most data coming from two colonies (Anjuramba mine and Ravensbourne cave). Colony size, sex ratios, age structure, and colony function varied between colonies and with season. Capture–recapture data of banded bats was used to monitor movement patterns, seasonal weight changes, colony-size estimates at Anjuramba (JOLLY model), and the recapture frequency according to sex and age. The JOLLY estimator of the population size over-estimated the actual population at Anjuramba on most occasions but paralleled changes in population size. Of the 319 bats banded, 21.9% were recaptured, with only one recovery involving a movement between roosts. Adult males have a high roost-site fidelity and are more sedentary than adult females. The recapture rate and recapture frequency for adult males was significantly higher than for adult females. R. megaphyllus is active throughout the year but may enter torpor for short periods, with more females than males observed in torpor. There was no significant association between torpor and season. Longevity records of 7 years and 1 month were recorded for a sub-adult female and 7 years and 7 months for a juvenile female.

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