Origin of the insect wing and wing articulation from the arthropodan leg

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (7) ◽  
pp. 1618-1669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarmila Kukalová-Peck
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
The Body ◽  
Wing Venation ◽  
Upper Carboniferous ◽  
Insect Wing ◽  
Wing Base ◽  
Ground Plan ◽  
Level Ii ◽  
Wing Veins ◽  
Wing Folding

The most primitive known pterygote terga, wing articulation, wings, and upper leg segments with exites, occur in gigantic Upper Carboniferous Paleodictyoptera, Homoiopteridae. Fossil features are used as clues for reinterpreting some structures connected with flight in modern Pterygota. Brief comparisons with Paleozoic Diaphanopterodea, Permothemistida, Ephemeroptera, Protodonata, and with living Ephemeroptera, Odonata, and Neoptera are given. The wing articulation of all Pterygota is derived from a common ancestral ground plan based upon features present in fossils. The ancestral wings were articulated by a closely packed band of multiple sclerites which were hinged to eight lateral tergal lobes, and aligned with eight pairs of wing veins. The axillaria of Neoptera and axillary plates of Paleoptera are composite sclerites, which originated by fusion of several sclerites of the original band. Articular patterns of Paleoptera and Neoptera evolved differently and show (i) the presence or absence of a gap at the cubital level, (ii) the presence or absence of a turning–pivoting composite third axillary sclerite (3Ax), and (iii) a different composition of all composite sclerites. Gliding and wing folding adaptations within the articular band are discussed. A new fossil-based interpretation of veinal stems, veinal sectors, and of their fluting near the wing base is offered. An underlying symmetry of thoracic tergal sulci, articular sclerites, and wing venation seems to point to a nearly symmetrical, nonflying pro-wing engaged in up-and-down movement. Evidence of articulation in Paleozoic nymphal wings and evolution of metamorphic instars are examined. Pitfalls of paleoentomological work are discussed. Criteria for major divisions of Pterygota are reassessed. It is hypothesized that the wing originated from the first segment (epicoxa) of the euarthropodan upper leg and its exite. An epicoxal podomere became incorporated into the body wall and broke up into an articular ring of dorsal and ventral sclerites, and an epicoxal exite flattened and became a pro-wing. The pro-wing originally operated on a row of pivots from the epicoxa and subcoxa (pleuron) and became mobilized by epicoxal leg musculature.

Ephemeroid wing venation based upon new gigantic Carboniferous mayflies and basic morphology, phylogeny, and metamorphosis of pterygote insects (Insecta, Ephemerida)

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 933-955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarmila Kukalová-Peck
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Abdominal Segment ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Wing Venation ◽  
Upper Carboniferous ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Primitive Condition ◽  
Wing Veins ◽  
Tracheal Gills ◽  
Plesiomorphic Character

Gigantic as well as very large mayflies from the middle Upper Carboniferous (Westphalian) strata of Europe and North America are described: the adult and nymph of Bojophlebia prokopi n. gen., n. sp. (Bojophlebiidae n. fam.) and the nymphs of Lithoneura piecko n. sp. and Lithoneura clayesi n. sp. (Syntonopteridae). Evolution of ephemerid wing venation during 300 million years is summarized. Autapomorphic, apomorphic, and plesiomorphic character states of venation are categorized. Venational nomenclature of Recent Ephemerida is emended based on its evolutionary changes. Evidence that wing veins occurred primitively as a pair of fluted sectors is documented in Carboniferous mayflies in the costa, subcosta, radius, anal, and jugal. Ephemeroids and odonatoids are sister groups that share the veinal anal brace AA fused with CuP at an area important for flight. Ancestral Odonatoephemerida are the sister group of the extinct haustellate Paleoptera. The Carboniferous nymphs bear three pairs of almost homonomous thoracic wings and, on the abdomen, nine pairs of legs and nine pairs of tracheal gills (wing homologues). This proves that abdominal legs have been totally reduced in Recent Ephemerida except for the claspers (gonopods) and that tracheal gills are not flattened legs. The metamorphic instar probably originated in relatively young instars. Insectan cerci developed from segmented, arched, functional legs of abdominal segment 11, which were still present in this primitive condition in Carboniferous Monura.

scholarly journals Out from under the wing: reconceptualizing the insect wing gene regulatory network as a versatile, general module for body-wall lobes in arthropods

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1965) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cera R. Fisher ◽  
Justin D. Kratovil ◽  
David R. Angelini ◽  
Elizabeth L. Jockusch
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Network ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oncopeltus Fasciatus ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Insect Wing ◽  
Wall Structures ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
And Function

Body plan evolution often occurs through the differentiation of serially homologous body parts, particularly in the evolution of arthropod body plans. Recently, homeotic transformations resulting from experimental manipulation of gene expression, along with comparative data on the expression and function of genes in the wing regulatory network, have provided a new perspective on an old question in insect evolution: how did the insect wing evolve? We investigated the metamorphic roles of a suite of 10 wing- and body-wall-related genes in a hemimetabolous insect, Oncopeltus fasciatus . Our results indicate that genes involved in wing development in O. fasciatus play similar roles in the development of adult body-wall flattened cuticular evaginations. We found extensive functional similarity between the development of wings and other bilayered evaginations of the body wall. Overall, our results support the existence of a versatile development module for building bilayered cuticular epithelial structures that pre-dates the evolutionary origin of wings. We explore the consequences of reconceptualizing the canonical wing-patterning network as a bilayered body-wall patterning network, including consequences for long-standing debates about wing homology, the origin of wings and the origin of novel bilayered body-wall structures. We conclude by presenting three testable predictions that result from this reconceptualization.

A Note on Insect Wing Veins and their Tracheae

1956 ◽  
Vol s3-97 (40) ◽  
pp. 535-539
Author(s):  
JOHN SMART
Keyword(s):  
Fore Wing ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
American Cockroach ◽  
Wing Venation ◽  
Insect Wing ◽  
Wing Veins ◽  
Fundamental Pattern

Experiments involving interference with the tracheae of the nymphal fore-wing pad of the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana (Linn.)) are described and the results discussed. It is concluded that the pattern of the tracheae is not immutable and so cannot be regarded as fundamental in determining the pattern of the imaginal wing-venation; the pattern may, however, continue to be used, in the first instance, as a guide to the more fundamental pattern of the lacunae that precede the veins.

Lymphangiomatosis of the Body Wall: A Report of Two Cases Associated with Chylothorax and Fatal Outcome

1997 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 617-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Moerman ◽  
Chris Van Geet ◽  
Hugo Devlieger
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
The Body

scholarly journals A screen for genetic loci required for body-wall muscle development during embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Genetics ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 137 (2) ◽  
pp. 483-498
Author(s):  
J Ahnn ◽  
A Fire
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Myosin Heavy Chain ◽  
Muscle Cell ◽  
Heavy Chain ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Contractile Function ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Wall Muscle ◽  
Genetic Loci

Abstract We have used available chromosomal deficiencies to screen for genetic loci whose zygotic expression is required for formation of body-wall muscle cells during embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans. To test for muscle cell differentiation we have assayed for both contractile function and the expression of muscle-specific structural proteins. Monoclonal antibodies directed against two myosin heavy chain isoforms, the products of the unc-54 and myo-3 genes, were used to detect body-wall muscle differentiation. We have screened 77 deficiencies, covering approximately 72% of the genome. Deficiency homozygotes in most cases stain with antibodies to the body-wall muscle myosins and in many cases muscle contractile function is observed. We have identified two regions showing distinct defects in myosin heavy chain gene expression. Embryos homozygous for deficiencies removing the left tip of chromosome V fail to accumulate the myo-3 and unc-54 products, but express antigens characteristic of hypodermal, pharyngeal and neural development. Embryos lacking a large region on chromosome III accumulate the unc-54 product but not the myo-3 product. We conclude that there exist only a small number of loci whose zygotic expression is uniquely required for adoption of a muscle cell fate.

scholarly journals Wearable Vibration Sensor for Measuring the Wing Flapping of Insects

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 593
Author(s):  
Ryota Yanagisawa ◽  
Shunsuke Shigaki ◽  
Kotaro Yasui ◽  
Dai Owaki ◽  
Yasuhiro Sugimoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Indirect Measurement ◽  
Feedback Mechanism ◽  
The Body ◽  
Vibration Sensor ◽  
Wingbeat Frequency ◽  
Film Sensor ◽  
Insect Wing

In this study, we fabricated a novel wearable vibration sensor for insects and measured their wing flapping. An analysis of insect wing deformation in relation to changes in the environment plays an important role in understanding the underlying mechanism enabling insects to dynamically interact with their surrounding environment. It is common to use a high-speed camera to measure the wing flapping; however, it is difficult to analyze the feedback mechanism caused by the environmental changes caused by the flapping because this method applies an indirect measurement. Therefore, we propose the fabrication of a novel film sensor that is capable of measuring the changes in the wingbeat frequency of an insect. This novel sensor is composed of flat silver particles admixed with a silicone polymer, which changes the value of the resistor when a bending deformation occurs. As a result of attaching this sensor to the wings of a moth and a dragonfly and measuring the flapping of the wings, we were able to measure the frequency of the flapping with high accuracy. In addition, as a result of simultaneously measuring the relationship between the behavior of a moth during its search for an odor source and its wing flapping, it became clear that the frequency of the flapping changed depending on the frequency of the odor reception. From this result, a wearable film sensor for an insect that can measure the displacement of the body during a particular behavior was fabricated.

scholarly journals Cloning and sequencing of cDNA of Sarcophaga peregrina humoral lectin induced on injury of the body wall.

1985 ◽  
Vol 260 (22) ◽  
pp. 12228-12233 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Takahashi ◽  
H Komano ◽  
N Kawaguchi ◽  
N Kitamura ◽  
S Nakanishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cloning And Sequencing

scholarly journals Mutations Affecting Nerve Attachment of Caenorhabditis elegans

Genetics ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 157 (4) ◽  
pp. 1611-1622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Go Shioi ◽  
Michinari Shoji ◽  
Masashi Nakamura ◽  
Takeshi Ishihara ◽  
Isao Katsura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Ventral Nerve Cord ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
The Body ◽  
Genetic Loci ◽  
Muscle Attachment ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Ventral Cord ◽  
Excretory Canal

Abstract Using a pan-neuronal GFP marker, a morphological screen was performed to detect Caenorhabditis elegans larval lethal mutants with severely disorganized major nerve cords. We recovered and characterized 21 mutants that displayed displacement or detachment of the ventral nerve cord from the body wall (Ven: ventral cord abnormal). Six mutations defined three novel genetic loci: ven-1, ven-2, and ven-3. Fifteen mutations proved to be alleles of previously identified muscle attachment/positioning genes, mup-4, mua-1, mua-5, and mua-6. All the mutants also displayed muscle attachment/positioning defects characteristic of mua/mup mutants. The pan-neuronal GFP marker also revealed that mutants of other mua/mup loci, such as mup-1, mup-2, and mua-2, exhibited the Ven defect. The hypodermis, the excretory canal, and the gonad were morphologically abnormal in some of the mutants. The pleiotropic nature of the defects indicates that ven and mua/mup genes are required generally for the maintenance of attachment of tissues to the body wall in C. elegans.

The cuticle of adultNippostrongylus brasiliensis

Parasitology ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Cortical Layer ◽  
The Body ◽  
Collagen Fibrils ◽  
Intestinal Cells ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Normal Appearance

The cuticle of adults ofNippostrongylus brasiliensishas been described using histological, histochemical and ultrastructural techniques.The cuticle has the following layers: an outer triple-layered membrane; a single cortical layer; a fluid-filled layer which is traversed by numerous collagen fibrils; struts which support the fourteen longitudinal ridges of the cuticle and which are suspended by collagen fibrils in the fluid-filled layer; two fibre layers, each layer apparently containing three layers of fibres; and a basement lamella.The fluid-filled layer contains haemoglobin and esterase.The muscles of the body wall are attached to either the basement lamella or to the fibre layers of the cuticle.The mitochondria of the hypodermis are of normal appearance.The longitudinal ridges of the cuticle appear to abrade the microvilli of the intestinal cells of the host.Possible functions of the cuticle are discussed.I wish to thank Dr P. Tate, in whose department this work was done, for helpful suggestions and criticism at all stages of this work, and Mr A. Page for technical assistance. I also wish to thank Professor Boyd for permission to use the electron microscope in the Department of Anatomy.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document