Some potential mosquito vectors of the canine heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis, in the Calgary region of southern Alberta

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 1156-1158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack P. Frimeth ◽  
Hisao P. Arai
Keyword(s):  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
Thoracic Cavity ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
Vector Species ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Laboratory Rats ◽  
Complete Development ◽  
Prophylactic Measures ◽  
Southern Alberta ◽  
Third Stage

A total of 657 mosquitoes, representing eight species from the Calgary region of southern Alberta was fed on dogs infected with Dirofilaria immitis. Complete development to the infective stage occurred in Aedes campestris, A. cataphylla, A. flavescens, and A. vexans. The rate of development appeared dependent on the temperature, as well as on the vector species. This report is believed to be the first account on the development of D. immitis in the first three species. Third stage larvae recovered from A. flavescens and A. vexans, inoculated subcutaneously into either two dogs or two white laboratory rats, produced microfilaremias in both dogs and a single adult, male D. immitis in the thoracic cavity of one of the rats. It is suggested that these species may act as vectors under natural conditions and that the identification of the potential vectors of D. immitis in areas where it is currently not endemic is important since this knowledge can be used in the planning of prophylactic measures.

Mosquito vectors of Dirofilaria immitis in southwestern Ontario

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ernst ◽  
J. O. D. Slocombe
Keyword(s):  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
Aedes Triseriatus ◽  
Infective Stage ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
Aedes Vexans ◽  
First Report ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Third Stage

Over 3000 mosquitoes were collected in southwestern Ontario in 1980 and 1981, using a stable trap housing a dog naturally infected with Dirofilaria immitis. The following were collected: 26 Anopheles punctipennis (100% blood fed), 36 Aedes triseriatus (94.4.% blood fed), 38 Aedes sticticus (100% blood fed), 44 Aedes dorsalis (97.7% blood fed), 73 Anopheles walkeri (100% blood fed). 161 Aedes stimulans–fitehii (97.5% blood fed). 510 Aedes trivittatus (80.8% blood fed), 569 Mansonia perturbans (93.3% blood fed), 739 Aedes vexans (95.4% blood fed) and 1114 Culex pipiens–restuans (61.6% blood fed). After holding the blood-fed mosquitoes at 26 °C for 2 weeks, 1708 were identified and dissected, and the mouthparts were observed for infective third-stage larvae of Dirofilaria immitis. Infective larvae were found in 26 Aedes sticticus (96.3% positive), 33 Aedes dorsalis (89.2% positive), 406 Aedes vexans (88.8% positive), 177 Aedes trivittatus (68.9% positive), 38 Culex pipiens–restuans (7.4% positive), and 4 Aedes stimulans–fitehii (4.1% positive). Aedes vexans and Aedes trivittatus were considered the major vectors because they were collected in large numbers, fed readily on dogs, and allowed development of D. immitis to the infective stage. This is the first report of Aedes dorsalis allowing development of D. immitis to the infective stage.

The effect of catecholamines and catecholamine antagonists on the third larval moult of Dirofilaria immitis in vitro

1992 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 273-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. V. Warbrick ◽  
S. A. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
Parasitic Nematode ◽  
The Third ◽  
Adrenergic Antagonist ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Larval Moult

ABSTRACTVarious catecholamines and catecholamine antagonists have been examined for their effects on the third larval moult of the parasitic nematode, Dirofilaria immitis, cultured in vitro. The non-selective α and β agonist, noradrenaline, and the β agonist, isoprenaline, had no effect on the timing of the third stage moult when used at a concentration of 10−5M. The α-adrenergic antagonist. phentolamine, resulted in worm mortality at 10−5M. At 10−7M, both phentolamine and the β-antagonist, propranolol caused a significant reduction in the numbers of larvae capable of completing the third stage moult. Idazoxan, an a2-antagonist, at 10−5M did not affect worm mortality but did completely prevent ecdysis. The potential of these compounds as possible filaricides is discussed.

Aedes vexans and Other Potential Mosquito Vectors of Dirofilaria immitis in Minnesota

1966 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 762 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Bemrick ◽  
Hollace A. Sandholm
Keyword(s):  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
Aedes Vexans

Laboratory studies on the larval biology of Simulium venustum Say (Diptera: Simuliidae)

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (10) ◽  
pp. 1657-1663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph E. Mokry
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Temperature Profiles ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Larval Biology ◽  
Temperature Growth ◽  
Complete Development ◽  
Blackfly Larvae ◽  
Pass Through

Larvae reared from field-collected eggs of Simulium venustum were found to pass through six larval instars. Temperature strongly affected both the growth rate of larvae and their survival. At 5, 10, and 12 °C all S. venustum larvae died before reaching the sixth instar. At 15 °C, larvae were found to be able to complete development to the sixth instar, although only 10.5% survived to this stage. Increases in temperature led to increases in survival and rate of growth, with the best survival (20.4%) at 22 °C; most larvae required 22 days to reach this stage. Above 22 °C, survival decreased (5.7%), although the growth rate continued to increase. A growth model for blackfly larvae simulating natural conditions was constructed using temperature–growth curves obtained in laboratory trials and comparing these data with stream temperature profiles.

scholarly journals Activation of the Toll pathway in Aedes aegypti blocks the development of emerging third-stage larvae of drug-resistant Dirofilaria immitis

2020 ◽  
Vol 282 ◽  
pp. 109100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abigail R. McCrea ◽  
Pablo D. Jimenez Castro ◽  
Ray M. Kaplan ◽  
Michael Povelones
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Toll Pathway ◽  
Third Stage

Thermotaxis in third and fourth-stageDirofilaria immitislarvae

1986 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Mok ◽  
D. Abraham ◽  
R. B. Grieve ◽  
C. B. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Gradient ◽  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Successful Transmission ◽  
Larval Migration ◽  
Third Stage

AbstractThird-stage and fourth-stageDirofilaria immitislarvae exhibited positive thermotaxis when placed in a thermal gradient. Negative thermotaxis was not observed. Positive thermotaxis may be important for the successful transmission and for directing third and fourth-stage larval migration toward predilection sites in the Host.

Killing technique of North American badgers preying on Richardson's ground squirrels

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (11) ◽  
pp. 2109-2113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail R Michener ◽  
Andrew N Iwaniuk
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Prey Size ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
Thoracic Cavity ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Small Prey ◽  
Taxidea Taxus ◽  
Spermophilus Richardsonii ◽  
Southern Alberta

Carcasses of 13 Richardson's ground squirrels (Spermophilus richardsonii) cached during autumn by North American badgers (Taxidea taxus) in southern Alberta, Canada, were inspected to determine the capture and killing technique. Regardless of prey size (251–651 g) or torpor status (normothermic or torpid), badgers killed ground squirrels with a single grasping bite directed dorsally or laterally to the thorax. The canines and third upper incisors of badgers generally bruised the skin without puncturing it, but caused extensive hematomas on the thoracic musculature and penetrated between the ribs, with associated breakage of ribs and hemorrhaging in the thoracic cavity. Internal organs and bones other than ribs were usually not damaged. Thoracic bites, rather than nape or throat bites, are used by several mustelids, including North American badgers, when capturing small prey (<10% of the predator's mass).

The Family Group in Golden Hamsters: Its Formation and Break-Up

Behaviour ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 17 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 81-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.E. Rowell
Keyword(s):  
Small Groups ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Play Fighting ◽  
The Third ◽  
Contact Behaviour ◽  
The Family ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Break Up

AbstractI. Behaviour of the golden hamster during normal parturition is described. 2. This is compared with behaviour of mothers who did not rear their litters because of faulty response to suckling attempts by the pups. Absence of milk at the nipples is suggested as a cause for this unwillingness to nurse. 3. Pups which are not born in the nest are often abandoned. 4. Pups born dead are often treated as food, but live pups are not eaten until after parturition is over. 5. Litters do not form into the characteristic compact unit until they have fed and been brooded. 6. Three stages in family break-up are recognised: (i) At about twentyfive days the mother begins to wean her litter, stops rebuilding the old nest, and may build a smaller one elsewhere. It is possible she would normally leave her litter at this point. (ii) During their fifth week the pups stop trying to suckle and showing contact behaviour ; they begin to sleep in small groups, and seem to try to escape from the mother's cage. At this time the mother attacks them occasionally. (iii) With sexual maturity of the females (six weeks) play-fighting stops, and marking was not seen. If a female becomes pregnant she becomes dominant in a few days, but does not dare fight the mother. 7. It is likely that the third stage is an artefact of captivity and that the litter would be left by the mother in stage (i) and would largely disperse during stage (ii) in natural conditions. 8. The interpretations of observations described are necessarily tentative, and need experimental tests before they can be accepted.

scholarly journals Low-density genetically diverse natural Wolbachia infections in malaria vectors in Kayin state, Myanmar

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Sunisa Sawasdichai ◽  
Victor Chaumeau ◽  
Tee Dah ◽  
Thithiworada Kulabkeeree ◽  
Ladda Kajeechiwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Human Landing Catch ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Vector Species ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Human Landing ◽  
Malaria Mosquitoes ◽  
Rrna Sequences

Background: Natural Wolbachia infections in malaria mosquitoes were recently reported in Africa, and negatively correlated with the development of Plasmodium falciparum in the vectors. The occurrence and effects of Wolbachia infections outside Africa have not been described and may have been underestimated. Methods: Mosquitoes were collected by human-landing catch during May and June 2017 in ten villages in Kayin state, Myanmar. Closely related species of malaria vectors were identified with molecular assays. Wolbachia infection rates were assessed with quantitative real-time PCR. Results: Low titer of Wolbachia DNA was detected in 13/370 samples in six malaria vector species. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA sequences revealed a high diversity of Wolbachia strains and identified lineages different from those described in the African malaria mosquitoes. Conclusion: These low-density genetically diverse natural Wolbachia infections question the ecology and biology of Wolbachia-Anopheles interactions in Southeast Asia. Their effects on malaria transmission and mosquito vectors are yet to be determined.

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