Influence of sampling on the interpretation of haematological measurements of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 396-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Lowe-Jinde ◽  
A. J. Niimi
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Haematological Parameters ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Short Time Period ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Differential Cell ◽  
Haemoglobin Content ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Tricaine Methanesulfonate

Haematological parameters of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were examined to determine if the sampling influenced the measurements. The results indicated that haematocrit values of fish anesthetized with tricaine methanesulfonate (TMS or MS 222) sampled after 5–20 min were significantly higher than of fish sampled within 1 min of capture and anesthesia. No differences were observed among haemoglobin content, erythrocyte, and leucocyte counts or their differential cell ratios over the 20-min period. Haemoglobin content and erythrocyte counts increased significantly with size among the three groups examined. It is suggested that differential blood cell ratios could be used as a reliable haematological index because the ratios appear to be independent of the effects of sampling over a short time period.

Osmoregulatory actions of growth hormone in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1987 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Bolton ◽  
N. L. Collie ◽  
H. Kawauchi ◽  
T. Hirano
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Lower Plasma ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Treated Fish ◽  
Short Time

ABSTRACT The seawater-adapting actions of GH, which are independent of growth, were studied in juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Hormones examined were chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) GH (sGH) and prolactin (sPRL), and ovine GH (oGH). Plasma Na levels of freshwater-adapted fish peaked 24 h after transfer to 67% seawater and remained high for at least 48 h. Twenty-four hours after transfer, plasma Na levels were inversely correlated to body weight. In order to limit size and growth effects in all subsequent experiments, fish having a narrow range of body weights, fed a fixed diet, and injected with hormones over a short time-period were used. Plasma Na levels 24 h after transfer to 80% seawater were reduced significantly by sGH (0·25 and 2·5 μg/g) and oGH (2·5 μg/g) compared with saline injections, whereas sPRL (2·5 μg/g) had no significant effect. All the GH-treated fish had lower plasma Mg levels than controls; Ca levels were significantly reduced by the high dose of sGH. Salmon prolactin had no effect on concentrations of divalent ions. When the effects of a range of doses (0·01–1·25 μg/g) of sGH on plasma ion levels was tested, 0·25 μg/g was the most potent in reducing Na and Mg levels, while 1·25 μg/g alone reduced plasma Ca concentrations significantly. These studies show that the seawater-adapting actions of GH in trout are specific to that hormone and are not consequent to an increase in size. J. Endocr. (1987) 112, 63–68

World Economy: Prospects and Barriers for Recovery

2012 ◽  
pp. 61-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ershov
Keyword(s):  
World Economy ◽  
Western World ◽  
Short Time Period ◽  
Market Segments ◽  
Junk Bonds ◽  
The Past ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Us ◽  
Global Liquidity ◽  
Short Time

According to the latest forecasts, it will take 10 years for the world economy to get back to “decent shape”. Some more critical estimates suggest that the whole western world will have a “colossal mess” within the next 5–10 years. Regulators of some major countries significantly and over a short time‑period changed their forecasts for the worse which means that uncertainty in the outlook for the future persists. Indeed, the intensive anti‑crisis measures have reduced the severity of the past problems, however the problems themselves have not disappeared. Moreover, some of them have become more intense — the eurocrisis, excessive debts, global liquidity glut against the backdrop of its deficit in some of market segments. As was the case prior to the crisis, derivatives and high‑risk operations with “junk” bonds grow; budget problems — “fiscal cliff” in the US — and other problems worsen. All of the above forces the regulators to take unprecedented (in their scope and nature) steps. Will they be able to tackle the problems which emerge?

scholarly journals Political ideology and vaccination willingness: implications for policy design

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Debus ◽  
Jale Tosun
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Policy Design ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Individual Freedom ◽  
Short Time Period ◽  
Successful Development ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Short Time

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has forced governments to impose major restrictions on individual freedom in order to stop the spread of the virus. With the successful development of a vaccine, these restrictions are likely to become obsolete—on the condition that people get vaccinated. However, parts of the population have reservations against vaccination. While this is not a recent phenomenon, it might prove a critical one in the context of current attempts to manage the COVID-19 pandemic. Consequently, the task of designing policies suitable for attaining high levels of vaccination deserves enhanced attention. In this study, we use data from the Eurobarometer survey fielded in March 2019. They show that 39% of Europeans consider vaccines to cause the diseases which they should protect against, that 50% believe vaccines have serious side effects, that 32% think that vaccines weaken the immune system, and that 10% do not believe vaccines are tested rigorously before authorization. We find that—even when controlling for important individual-level factors—ideological extremism on both ends of the spectrum explains skepticism of vaccination. We conclude that policymakers must either politicize the issue or form broad alliances among parties and societal groups in order to increase trust in and public support for the vaccines in general and for vaccines against COVID-19 in particular, since the latter were developed in a very short time period and resulted—in particular in case of the AstraZeneca vaccine—in reservations because of the effectiveness and side effects of the new vaccines.

scholarly journals Platypnoea–orthodeoxia syndrome induced by short-term weight loss: a case series

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yudai Tamura ◽  
Tomohiro Sakamoto
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Septal Defect ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Transoesophageal Echocardiography ◽  
Sitting Position ◽  
Short Time Period ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Uncommon Condition ◽  
The Right ◽  
Short Time

Abstract Background Platypnoea–orthodeoxia syndrome (POS) is an uncommon condition characterized by dyspnoea and arterial desaturation in the standing or sitting position that improves in the supine position. Case summary We report two cases of POS caused by an atrial septal defect (ASD) and a patent foramen ovale (PFO). Both cases reported a recent decrease in body weight of more than 10 kg in a short time period. Transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) with agitated saline bubble study revealed and a large amount of contrast bubble through the ASD (Patient 1) or the PFO (Patient 2) from the right atrium to the left atrium in the sitting position. Both patients were diagnosed by the finding of positional dyspnoea and the results of TOE using agitated saline bubble contrast. Discussion Taken together, their presentations suggest that weight loss in a short time period could be a pathogenic factor for POS.

scholarly journals Estimation of three-dimensional crustal movements in the 2011 Tohoku-oki, Japan earthquake from TerraSAR-X intensity images

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (12) ◽  
pp. 7383-7408
Author(s):  
W. Liu ◽  
F. Yamazaki ◽  
M. Matsuoka ◽  
T. Nonaka ◽  
T. Sasagawa
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Short Time Period ◽  
Sar Images ◽  
Crustal Movements ◽  
Surface Displacements ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Intensity Images ◽  
Short Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Gps Observations

Abstract. The Tohoku-Oki earthquake on 11 March 2011 caused significant widespread crustal movements. In a previous study, we proposed a method for capturing two-dimensional (2-D) surface displacements from a pair of pre- and post-event TerraSAR-X (TSX) intensity images. However, it is difficult to detect three-dimensional (3-D) displacements from one pair of TSX images. In this study, three pairs of pre- and post-event TSX images taken on different paths were used to estimate 3-D crustal movements. The relationship between the actual 3-D displacements and the converted 2-D movements in the SAR images was derived based on the observation model of a SAR sensor. The 3-D movements were then calculated from three sets of detected 2-D movements that occurred within a short time period. Compared with GPS observations, the proposed method was found to be capable of detecting the 3-D crustal movements with sub-pixel accuracy.

scholarly journals Changing Attitudes Towards Territorial Municipal Reforms – The Case of Inland Norway

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-292
Author(s):  
Ulla Higdem ◽  
Hans Christian Høyer ◽  
Erik Neslein Mønness ◽  
Jon Helge Lesjø
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
National Government ◽  
Short Time Period ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Changing Attitudes ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Citizens Attitudes ◽  
Municipal Reforms

Inland people’s attitude towards municipal amalgamation reform in Norway from 2013 to 2018 has become more positive. However, a majority does not support the ongoing reform, but the changes have been substantial during such a short time period. However, these changes seem not to be a result of new and more positive judgements of the reforms’ results and outcome. By contrast, the majority has been more critical of anticipated consequences of the amalgamation reform into larger municipalities. Instead, we considered the changes as a type of ‘resignation’ towards a reform pressure from the national government and general changes in their environment. More citizens’ assess that positive municipal economic development and more local competence are favourable effects of mergers, and this finding supports this claim. The reform is likely to catch up with their local units anyway, and the citizens’ attitudes are adapting to what they expect will occur in the upcoming years.

scholarly journals CONSTRAINTS EXPERIENCED BY MUSHROOM GROWERS IN ADOPTING IMPROVED MUSHROOM PRODUCTION PRACTICES IN PUSA, BIHAR

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 97-106
Author(s):  
Saloni Sarraf ◽  
Dipak Kumar Bose ◽  
Jahanara Jahanara ◽  
Amit Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Transport Cost ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Mushroom Cultivation ◽  
Short Time Period ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Mushroom Production ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Production Practices ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Technical Guidance

Mushrooms (vegetarian meat/vegetable beef stick) is becoming fast popular because of its short time period between cultivation and harvesting; less initial investment and can be grown with locally available resources. Though more technology is available for boosting mushroom production, the yield so far achieved is not high. Hence, an attempt is made to find out the constraints faced by mushroom growers in adoption of improved mushroom production practices. Samastipur district of Bihar was purposively selected for the study because, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, a pioneer in mushroom production technology is located in the study area. 120 respondents from six villages of Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar forms the respondents of the present study. Primary data was collected from the mushroom growers and the responses were subjected to statistical analysis. The results indicated that unavailability of quality spawn, unavailability of skilled labor, absence of technical guidance, high transport cost, unavailability of storage facilities, high cost of spawn and long distance market were the most problematic constraints faced by the mushroom growers. Thus, it can be concluded that adequate extension service should be made available to make mushroom cultivation popular, market and marketing of the products.

scholarly journals Implementation and application of E-technologies in enterprise environment

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 67-74
Author(s):  
Roman Malo
Keyword(s):  
Short Time Period ◽  
Logical Model ◽  
System A ◽  
Theoretical System ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Business Area ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Base Platform

Nowadays, a problem of an e- technologies’ implementation represents one of the most important questions that are being solved within various subjects from business area. With respect of massive implementation of activities as e- commerce, e- payments and others the e- technologies’ implementation is the progressive way of these subjects’ expansion. However, due to relatively short time period in which enterprise subjects have solved there is a set of vague aspects going together with this problem. The paper analyses the area of e- technologies and defines relations between basic concepts. Following this theoretical system a few hypothesis are constructed and used as a base platform for a determination of the logical model for implementation of e- technologies in enterprise environment.

scholarly journals Differentiated methodology of coordinating abilities upbringing in children with infantile cerebral paralysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 00012
Author(s):  
Artem Poteshkin ◽  
Irina Talamova
Keyword(s):  
Motor Function ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Spastic Diplegia ◽  
Functional Abilities ◽  
Short Time Period ◽  
Physical Exercises ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Infantile Cerebral Paralysis ◽  
Cerebral Paralysis ◽  
Short Time

In the article the authors give the example of own created methodology of coordinating abilities estimation and upbringing in children with spastic diplegia and hemiparetic forms of infantile cerebral paralysis at the age of 11-12 of the Ist level of functional abilities according to Gross Motor Function Classification Systems. The peculiarity of the methodology is its universal character: the created methodology of estimation helps to estimate within a short time period and in terms of free space deficiency estimate coordinating abilities development. According to the development results estimation of a girl with a hemiparetic form of infantile cerebral paralysis we see the best indices of coordinating abilities development in comparison with the girls with spastic diplegia and the boys of both forms. For coordinating abilities upbringing the authors offer the methodology. It includes two blocks: the 1st block- classical physical exercises; the second block- exercises at stable platform. The authors offer the algorithm of coordinating abilities estimation and upbringing in children with spastic diplegia and hemiparetic forms of infantile cerebral paralysis at the age of 11-12.

Reality from Fantasy

2010 ◽  
pp. 291-310
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Balzac
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Short Time Period ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Level ◽  
Short Time ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Live Action ◽  
Conflicting Goals ◽  
Personal Stake

A major difficulty with teaching ethics is that it is relatively easy for participants to state the “right” thing to do when they have no personal stake in the outcome. One way of dealing with this problem is to teach ethics through engrossing, immersive, predictive scenario games in which players are forced to deal with ethical issues as they arise, where they have a personal stake in the outcome, and where there is not always a clear right answer. Predictive scenario games are a form of serious live-action roleplaying in which participants take on the roles of people involved in complex situations. In these games, knowledge of the game world is distributed among the players through overlapping and conflicting goals, and in which ethical dilemmas emerge naturally, without fanfare, much as they would in the real world. There is a high level of tension between cooperation and competition among the players. This structure creates the opportunity for players to experience the consequences of their own judgment in realistic, ethically fraught situations, to receive feedback, and to engage in constructive discussion, within a relatively short time period.

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