Differences in male courtship in freshwater and marine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus)

Earlier studies indicated that the freshwater and marine forms of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in the Little Campbell River are genetically differentiated and that they do not mate randomly. In this study, we examine the possible contribution of male courtship to this positive assortative mating. Marine and freshwater sticklebacks were obtained from the Little Campbell River, southwestern British Columbia. Males were allowed to build nests in large aquaria and court females. The following courtship behaviours were recorded: zigzag bouts per minute, bites per minute, fanning bouts per minute, glueing, creeping through, and the male's first response. Freshwater males zigzag more, bite less, and glue more than marine males. The intensity of courtship in freshwater males depends on the form of female courted, whereas marine males do not alter their courtship with different forms of females. Freshwater males typically zigzag on first contact with a female, and marine males usually bite. This difference in male first response is independent of the type of female courted. Differences in male courtship provide a basis for positive assortative mating between the two forms of sticklebacks. We argue that selection should favour a male first response that signals genotype.