Quantitative relationship between ingested blood and follicular growth in the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrant

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 1917-1921 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loo Sar Chia ◽  
James A. Baxter ◽  
Paul E. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Stable Fly ◽  
Follicular Growth ◽  
Stable Flies ◽  
Ovarian Growth ◽  
Blood Meals

Female stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), fed blood at 24-h intervals, required five blood meals to produce their first batch of eggs. The first three blood meals mainly promoted growth of the adult fat body but the latter two meals resulted in rapid ovarian growth accompanied by a decline in fat body weight. Thus, the lack of gonotrophic concordance in these flies can probably be attributed to a shortage of reserves carried over from the larval stage. Ovariectomy at emergence resulted in hypertrophy of the adult fat body in blood-fed females, indicating that the ovary regulates the flow of nutrients from the fat body during vitellogenesis.

REDUCTION IN THE NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR OÖGENESIS DUE TO HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF CHOLESTEROL IN THE LARVAL DIET OF THE STABLE FLY, STOMOXYS CALCITRANS (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE)

1984 ◽  
Vol 116 (6) ◽  
pp. 801-804
Author(s):  
Loo-Sar Chia ◽  
James A. Baxter ◽  
Paul E. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Nutritional Requirements ◽  
Stable Fly ◽  
Larval Diet ◽  
Follicular Growth ◽  
Stable Flies ◽  
High Concentrations

AbstractFemale stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), from larvae reared on the standard CSMA (Chemical Specialties Manufacturing Association) medium required 5 days of blood feeding before producing their first batch of eggs. When the larval medium was supplemented with 1 or 2% cholesterol, resultant females were able to produce mature eggs after only 4 days of blood feeding. Females from larvae reared on the 2% cholesterol-supplemented medium had slight but significant precocious follicular growth at the time of emergence from the puparium. When blood feeding was restricted, the size at which follicular growth ceased was consistently higher in females fed the cholesterol-supplemented diets as compared with control females.

Isolation of Enterobacter sakazakii from Stable Flies, Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae)†

2006 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 671-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. MRAMBA ◽  
A. BROCE ◽  
L. ZUREK
Keyword(s):  
16S Rdna ◽  
Foodborne Pathogen ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Stable Fly ◽  
Enterobacter Sakazakii ◽  
Stable Flies ◽  
16S Rdna Pcr ◽  
Glucose Agar

Enterobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic foodborne pathogen that causes meningitis, enterocolitis, and sepsis, primarily in immunocompromised infants. Previously, it was suggested that stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans, were a vector or reservoir of this pathogen. In our study, by means of a culturing approach combined with 16S rDNA PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism genotyping and sequencing, we screened 928 individual stable flies collected in Kansas and Florida. Two stable flies (0.2%) were positive for E. sakazakii. In addition, 411 (44%) stable flies carried bacteria-forming red colonies (presumably enterics) on a violet red bile glucose agar (mean count = 6.4 × 104 CFU per fly), and 120 (13%) stable flies carried fecal coliforms (mean count = 8.7 × 103 CFU per fly). Sequencing of 16S rDNA showed that enterics from violet red bile glucose agar were represented by several genera, including Escherichia, Shigella, Providencia, Enterobacter, Pantoea, Proteus, Serratia, and Morganella. Our study shows that stable flies carry bacteria typically present in animal manure (a developmental site of stable fly larvae), which indicates that the natural reservoir of E. sakazakii is the digestive tract or manure of domestic animals. The low prevalence of E. sakazakii associated with stable flies suggests that stable flies do not play a major role as a reservoir or vector of this pathogen.

DENSITY ESTIMATES AND DAILY MORTALITY RATE EVALUATIONS OF STABLE FLY (STOMOXYS CALCITRANS (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE)) POPULATIONS IN FIELD CAGES

1975 ◽  
Vol 107 (6) ◽  
pp. 597-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. LaBrecque ◽  
Donald L. Bailey ◽  
D. W. Meifert ◽  
D. E. Weidhaas
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Stable Fly ◽  
Daily Mortality ◽  
Density Estimates ◽  
Stable Flies ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Gamma Irradiated

AbstractIn outdoor cage studies undertaken in the late summer of 1973, a method of estimating the absolute density of a stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans (L.)) population was developed by correlating the average number of insects feeding or resting on a calf to the total number in the cage. Under the same cage conditions, where emigration, immigration, and to some extent, predation have been excluded, the daily mortality rate of normal stable flies marked with a fluorescent dye ranged from 25.3% to 27.3% dependent upon the sampling technique. Marker dyes have a deleterious effect on survival but surprisingly gamma irradiated flies succumbed at a lower rate than normal individuals.

scholarly journals New records, a completed list and identification key of mites (Acari) associated with the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae)

Acarologia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-11
Author(s):  
Jenő Kontschán ◽  
Sándor Hornok
Keyword(s):  
First Record ◽  
Mite Species ◽  
Identification Key ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Stable Fly ◽  
Stable Flies ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
The Family ◽  
Medical Importance

The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) is a blood-sucking muscid fly species, with a worldwide distribution and high veterinary-medical importance. In this study, four mite species were collected from stable flies in Hungary. One mite species (Trichotrombidium muscarum (Riley, 1878)) from the family Microtrombidiidae was parasitic on the flies, collected in high numbers from their bodies. The other three species were found in small numbers on the flies, which they use only for transportation. The latter included the phoretic female of Pediculaster mesembrinae (Canestrini, 1881) (Acari: Siteroptidae), the phoretic deutonymph of the Halolaelaps sexclavatus (Oudemans, 1902) (Acari: Halolaelapidae) and Macrocheles subbadius (Berlese, 1904) (Acari: Macrochelidae). This is the first record of an association between the stable fly and two mite species (Trichotrombidium muscarum and Halolaelaps sexclavatus). A new, completed list and identification key of known stable fly associated mites are also provided.

scholarly journals Can Attractive Sticky Traps Be Used to Protect Horses From the Bites of Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 2469-2473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracey L Tam ◽  
Jerome Hogsette ◽  
Saundra TenBroeck
Keyword(s):  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Stable Fly ◽  
Sticky Traps ◽  
University Of Florida ◽  
Stable Flies ◽  
Protective Ability ◽  
Teaching Unit ◽  
Fluorescent Dust ◽  
The University ◽  
Trap Placement

Abstract The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), is a bloodsucking ectoparasite that causes irritation and distress to livestock, wildlife, and humans. Both sexes are vicious blood-feeders that feed on a variety of animals. Optically attractive sticky traps have been used to capture stable flies, and some companies claim that sticky traps can protect animals from the bites of stable flies. To further investigate the protective ability of sticky traps, Home and Garden Mosquito (HGM) traps were selected for evaluations at the University of Florida Horse Teaching Unit (HTU). Broodmares coated with fluorescent dust were either tethered to a post in the center of a paddock or released untethered into a paddock. HGM sticky traps were placed at the four compass points and four selected distances from the paddock center to capture stable flies before (unmarked) or after (marked) they visited the horses. More than 40% of flies captured on traps placed closest to the horses were marked. This indicates that the traps did not prevent the flies from visiting the horses. A percentage of marked and unmarked stable flies showed signs of blood in their guts indicating recent feeding. For unknown reasons, the number of stable flies marked with Signal Green dust exceeded the numbers marked with other colors. Although the HGM traps caught ample numbers of stable flies, the traps did not prevent stable flies from feeding on the horses. More work is needed to determine optimal trap placement and densities required to maximize stable fly management with traps.

scholarly journals Molecular detection of Anaplasma marginale in stable flies Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) feeding on a tick-free bovine herd

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Ramón Bautista Garfias ◽  
Tania Rodríguez ◽  
Carmen Rojas ◽  
José J. Lira ◽  
Jesús A. Álvarez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nested Pcr ◽  
Molecular Detection ◽  
Anaplasma Marginale ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Stable Fly ◽  
Stable Flies ◽  
Clinical Cases

Data on the implication of the stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans, Diptera: Mus­cidae), in the transmission of Anaplasma marginale in tick-free cattle is scarce. Hence, the objective of this investigation was to detect the presence of DNA from A. marginale in stable flies caught near a bovine herd, which has been maintained free of ticks for 40 years, and occasionally presents some clinical cases of anaplasmosis. Twenty-four batches of S. calcitrans (15 flies each) were collected in the morning and in the afternoon twice a week (except for one catch in one week of September and one catch in one week of December) during 12 catching days in a period of four months. Their DNA was obtained and analysed by nested PCR (nPCR) to identify the presence of A. marginale DNA. Seven of the batches (29.16 %) were pos­itive for A. marginale, as detected by an nPCR that targets the A. marginale msp5 gene. Similarly, in two out of 12 catching days (16.66 %), those S. calcitrans batches collected in the morning and in the afternoon, were pos­itive for A. marginale, while those S. calcitrans groups collected in three out of 12 catching days (25 %), were positive for the rickettsia. The obtained re­sults suggest that A. marginale transmission is carried out mechanically by S. calcitrans, favouring the circulation and maintenance of the microorganism in this particular bovine herd.

SURVEY AND RELEASE OF PARASITOIDS (HYMENOPTERA) ATTACKING HOUSE AND STABLE FLIES (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE) IN DAIRY OPERATIONS

1999 ◽  
Vol 131 (6) ◽  
pp. 743-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja McKay ◽  
Terry D. Galloway
Keyword(s):  
House Fly ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Stable Fly ◽  
Nasonia Vitripennis ◽  
Pupal Parasitoid ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Stable Flies ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
The Status ◽  
No Releases

AbstractIn 1995, Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), a commercially available pupal parasitoid of the house fly, Musca domestica L., and stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), was purchased to examine the status of wasps being sold to Manitoba producers. Percentage of pupae parasitized, numbers of parasitoids per pupa, total parasitoids, and parasitoid sex ratio were determined for each shipment of parasitoids received. To determine the extent to which these wasps could successfully parasitize house flies and stable flies, parasitoids were released weekly in four Manitoba dairy barns and levels of parasitism estimated. In 10 622 freeze-killed sentinel house fly pupae, 2.2% were parasitized throughout the season by N. vitripennis, and 5.8% were parasitized by eight other species of parasitoids. Of 11 897 naturally occurring house fly and stable fly pupae, 0.6% were parasitized by N. vitripennis, and 3.4% by eight other species of parasitoids. In four barns where there were no releases of N. vitripennis, 1.1% of 11 779 sentinel pupae were parasitized by four species of parasitoids and 3.8% of 8384 naturally occurring house fly and stable fly pupae were parasitized by nine species. The release of an estimated 3 648 093 N. vitripennis did not result in substantial parasitism in either sentinel pupae or naturally occurring pupae. In 1996, live sentinel house fly pupae (n = 50 842) and house fly and stable fly pupae occurring naturally (n = 4691) were collected in two of the nonrelease barns from the 1995 study to examine the activity of endemic parasitoids. Of the sentinel and naturally occurring pupae sampled, 4.0% and 9.4% were parasitized, respectively. Phygadeuon fumator Gravenhörst (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) was the most abundant parasitoid, accounting for 97.4% and 79.9% of parasitoids collected from sentinel pupae and naturally occurring pupae, respectively. Other parasitoids included Urolepis rufipes (Ashmead), Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders, Muscidifurax zaraptor Kogan and Legner, Spalangia subpunctata Först, Spalangia cameroni Perkins, Spalangia nigra Latreille, and a species of Trichomalopsis Crawford (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae).

scholarly journals Resistance of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae), to cypermethrin in outbreak areas in Midwestern Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 802-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Thadeu Medeiros de Barros ◽  
Vinícius Duarte Rodrigues ◽  
Paulo Henrique Duarte Cançado ◽  
Luísa Nogueira Domingues
Keyword(s):  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
The State ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Stable Fly ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Stable Flies ◽  
Resistance Factors ◽  
Intensive Use ◽  
Outbreak Areas ◽  
Mato Grosso Do Sul

Abstract Population explosions of the stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) have become a serious concern for livestock producers near sugarcane mills in some regions of Brazil due to the insect’s massive reproduction on sugarcane byproducts and waste. Despite the limited efficiency of insecticides for controlling stable fly outbreaks, producers still rely on chemical control to mitigate the alarming infestations in affected areas. This study evaluated the susceptibility of S. calcitrans populations to cypermethrin in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Stable flies were tested from three field populations and two colonies, established from flies previously collected at sugarcane mills. Wild flies were collected with Nzi traps in areas of sugarcane plantations. Both wild and colonized flies were exposed to eleven concentrations of cypermethrin in impregnated filter paper bioassays. All the populations proved to be resistant to cypermethrin, with resistance factors among field populations ranging from 6.8 to 38.6. The intensive use of insecticides has led to the development of pyrethroid resistance in stable fly populations in the proximities of sugarcane mills in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PTERIN ACCUMULATION AND OVARIAN DEVELOPMENT IN THE STABLE FLY STOMOXYS CALCITRANS (L.) (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE)

1993 ◽  
Vol 125 (5) ◽  
pp. 869-879 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.J. Lysyk ◽  
E.S. Krafsur
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Development ◽  
Head Capsule ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Temperature Threshold ◽  
Stable Fly ◽  
Stable Flies ◽  
Vitellogenic Stage ◽  
Response To Temperature ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Accumulated Degree Days

AbstractPterin accumulation in response to temperature and time was studied in male and female stable flies Stomoxys calcitrans (L.). Pterins accumulated as a function of temperature integrated over time. The threshold for pterin accumulation was estimated at 6.5 °C. The relationship between pterin content (RF/mm head capsule width) and accumulated degree-days above 6.5 °C (DD6.5) was determined to be RF/mm = 38,06 + 1.258*DD6.5 for females and RF/mm = 37.65 + 1.765*DD6.5 for males. Ovarian development, measured by follicle length and degree of vitellogenesis, was also related to DD6.5 and pterin concentration. The relationship between y1 = follicle length (mm) and x = DD6.5/200 was y1 = 0.11 + 0.78* [1−exp(− 18.34*x)]**99.86 and between vitellogenic stage (y2) and x was y2 = 0.04 + 3.96*[1−exp(− 11.48*x)]**6.67. Stable flies had a temperature threshold of 8 °C for oviposition.

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