How cranefly larvae breathe

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 310-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Pritchard ◽  
Mary Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
The Body ◽  
Larval Life ◽  
Central Scar ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Lung Functions ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats

Aeropyles in the spiracles of the larvae of the terrestrial Tipula paludosa and the aquatic but air-breathing Pedicia parvicellula and an unidentified Tipula are illustrated. In T. paludosa these aeropyles are present and open throughout larval life and through the pharate pupal phase. By contrast, the aeropyles of the aquatic T. sacra and T. abdominalis are essentially closed and, in T. sacra at least, appear not to function during the larval stage. Gas exchange must be effected cutaneously in these latter species and, in T. sacra, the spiracular lobes and perhaps the smaller lobes along the body are principal sites of oxygen uptake. However, the larval spiracles of T. sacra do function during the terrestrial pharate pupal phase, when the central scar plug of the spiracle breaks down. Tipula paludosa has a well-developed "tracheal lung" emanating from the spiracular atrium, but this is absent in T. sacra. It is suggested that this lung functions as a tracheal gill when terrestrial habitats become flooded.

Biomodal Gas Exchange During Variation in Environmental Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Air Breathing Fish Trichogaster Trichopterus

1979 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-213
Author(s):  
WARREN W. BURGGREN
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Co2 Uptake ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Air Convection ◽  
Respiratory Homeostasis ◽  
Respiratory Medium ◽  
Suprabranchial Chamber

Gas exchange in the gourami, Trichogaster trichopterus, an obligate air breather, is achieved both by branchial exchange with water and aerial exchange via labyrinth organs lying within the suprabranchial chamber. Ventilation of the suprabranchial chamber, MOO2, MCOCO2, gas exchange ratios of both gills and labyrinth organs, and air convection requirements have been measured under conditions of hypoxia, hyperoxia or hypercapnia in either water or air. In undisturbed fish in control conditions (27 °C), air breathing frequency was 12 breaths/h, gas tidal volume 30 μl/g, total oxygen uptake 5.2 μ.M/g/h and total carbon dioxide excretion 4.1 μM/g/h, indicating a total gas exchange ratio of approximately 0.8. The aerial labyrinth organs accounted for 40% of oxygen uptake but only 15% of carbon dioxide elimination. Hypoxia, in either inspired water or air, stimulated air breathing. Total MOO2 was continuously maintained at or above control levels by an augmentation of oxygen uptake by the labyrinth during aquatic hypoxia or by the gills during aerial hypoxia. Hypoxia had no effect on MCOl partitioning between air and water. Hypercapnia in water greatly stimulated air breathing. About 60% of total MCOCO2 then occurred via aerial excretion, a situation unusual among air breathing fish, enabling the overall gas exchange to remain at control levels. Aerial hypercapnia had no effect on air breathing or O2 partitioning, but resulted in a net aerial CO2 uptake and a decrease in overall gas exchange ratio. Trichogaster is thus an air breathing fish which is able to maintain a respiratory homeostasis under varying environmental conditions by exploiting whichever respiratory medium at a particular time is the most effective for O2 uptake and CO2 elimination.

Oxygen uptake in air and water in the air-breathing reedfish Calamoichthys calabaricus: role of skin, gills and lungs

1982 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-186
Author(s):  
R. Sacca ◽  
W. Burggren
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Average Duration ◽  
O2 Uptake ◽  
Total Oxygen ◽  
Air Exposure ◽  
Air Breathing

The reedfish Calamoichthys calabaricus (Smith) is amphibious, making voluntary excursions on to land (in a simulated natural environment) an average of 6 +/− 4 times/day for an average duration of 2.3 +/− 1.3 min. Oxygen uptake is achieved by the gills, skin and large, paired lungs. In water at 27 degrees C, total oxygen uptake is 0.088 ml O2/g.h. The lungs account for 40%, the gills 28%, and the skin 32% of total VO2. Total oxygen uptake during 2 h of air exposure increases from 0.117 ml O2/g.h to 0.286 ml O2/g.h, due largely to an enhanced lung VO2 and a small increase in skin VO2. Calamoichthys is both capable of aerial gas exchange and adapted to maintain O2 uptake during brief terrestrial excursions.

scholarly journals The Transition to Air Breathing in Fishes: IV. Impact of Branchial Specializations for Air Breathing on the Aquatic Respiratory Mechanisms and Ventilatory Costs of the Swamp Eel Synbranchus Marmoratus

1987 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEFFREY B. GRAHAM ◽  
TROY A. BAIRD ◽  
WIELAND STÖCKMANN
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
The Body ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
O2 Uptake ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Cutaneous Respiration ◽  
Swamp Eel

The gills, adjacent buccopharyngeal epithelium, and skin of the swamp eel Synbranchus marmoratus (Bloch) function for both aerial and aquatic respiration. Aquatic cutaneous O2 uptake occurs continuously at rates that, while dependent upon aquatic 2 tension (PwOO2), are in direct proportion to body surface area. Branchial aquatic O2 uptake takes place during intermittent ventilation which occurs in proportion to body mass. Because of reductions in the body surface area to volume ratio that occur with growth, cutaneous oxygen uptake comprises a larger percentage of the total oxygen uptake of small fish and, to compensate, large fish ventilate more. The mass exponent for total rate of oxygen uptake (Voo2) (0.894 ± 0.145) is within the range predicted from the contributions of cutaneous Voo2 (mass exponent 0.651 ± 0.167) and the number of minutes each hour that branchial ventilation occurs (0.378 ± 0.105). Hyperoxia increases cutaneous VOO2 and reduces branchial ventilation. Total Voo2 was also reduced in hyperoxia and calculations relating this to the reduction in ventilation time yield ventilatory cost estimates that increase with body size and that are high compared to those of other fish when the large component of cutaneous respiration in this species is considered. Large ventilatory costs reflect gill and branchial apparatus specialization for aerial respiration. Accessory cutaneous respiration and intermittent aquatic ventilation reduce these costs, and intermittent gill use in aquatic breathing, which is the exact analogue of the pattern for branchial respiratory use during air breathing, seems to optimize aquatic O2 uptake with minimal ventilatory cost.

scholarly journals The Transition to Air Breathing in Fishes: II. Effects of Hypoxia Acclimation on the Bimodal Gas Exchange of Ancistrus Chagresi (Loricariidae)

1983 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEFFREY B. GRAHAM
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
O2 Partial Pressure ◽  
Gill Ventilation ◽  
Ventilation Rates ◽  
Hypoxia Acclimation ◽  
Co2 Release

The armoured catfish, Ancistrus chagresi, is a facultative air breather and uses its stomach as an air-breathing organ (ABO). Comparisons of control fish and fish that had become acclimated to hypoxia and air breathing for 14–21 days were carried out to assess the effects of this treatment on bimodal (aerial and aquatic) gas exchange capacity. Hypoxia acclimation elicits physiological and biochemical changes that enable A. chagresi to increase O2 utilization both by its gills in hypoxic water and by its ABO. Compared with control fish, hypoxia-acclimated Ancistrus have a higher blood--O2 affinity and more haemoglobin (Hb) and can maintain a higher aquatic oxygen consumption rate (VO2) in hypoxic (Pw, Ow, O2, = 5–20 mmHg) water. They also have a 25% larger ABO volume, are able to hold each air breath longer, and can reduce ABO O2 partial pressure to a lower level. In both groups, respiratory CO2-release occurs primarily through the gills. An air breath instantly causes tachycardia and a reduction in the frequency and amplitude of branchial ventilation. Their lower cardiac and gill ventilation rates in hypoxia and during air breathing suggest that hypoxia-acclimated fish are more adapted for hypoxia than are control fish. During the period an air breath is held in the ABO, hypoxia-acclimated fish exhibit more coordinated phase shifts in gill ventilation and cardiac rates. These may favour an initial phase of efficient aerial O2 uptake from the ABO and transport through the body followed by a period of aquatic CO2 release from the gills.

scholarly journals GAS EXCHANGE THROUGH THE LUNGS AND GILLS IN AIR-BREATHING CRABS

1994 ◽  
Vol 187 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-130
Author(s):  
C Farrelly ◽  
P Greenaway
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
O2 Uptake ◽  
Major Site ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Gecarcoidea Natalis ◽  
Co2 Excretion ◽  
Oxygen Concentrations

Lung and gill performance in gas exchange have been evaluated in eight species of air-breathing crabs with two different lung circulatory designs, those with portal systems and smooth lung linings, and those without portal systems and with invaginated and evaginated lung linings. In all species, the lungs were extremely effective in oxygen uptake whilst the performance of the gills was inferior. An exception to this was Gecarcoidea natalis, which has gills highly modified for aerial gas exchange; its gills and lungs were equally efficient in O2 uptake. The relative efficiencies of the lungs and gills in CO2 excretion differed between species, with the gills being the major site of CO2 loss in the more amphibious species and the lungs having an increasingly important role in the more terrestrial crabs. The presence or absence of lung portal systems was not found to correlate with either saturation rates or efferent oxygen concentrations, with both lung types being extremely efficient in O2 uptake. The lungs with portal systems showed a large increase in oxygen content in the first lacunar bed and progressively smaller increases in the next two; these lungs may, therefore, have some reserve for exercise.

Pulmonary Gas Exchange and Oxygen Uptake During Exercise in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

1992 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 252-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Th. Wanke ◽  
D. Formanek ◽  
M. Auinger ◽  
H. Zwick ◽  
K. Irsigler
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Pulmonary Gas Exchange

Metabolic biochemistry of water- vs. air-breathing fishes: muscle enzymes and ultrastructure

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 736-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Hochachka ◽  
M. Guppy ◽  
H. E. Guderley ◽  
K. B. Storey ◽  
W. C. Hulbert
Keyword(s):  
White Muscle ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Oxidative Capacity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscle Enzymes ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Phosphofructokinase Activity ◽  
Metabolic Biochemistry ◽  
Myotomal Muscle

To delineate what modifications in muscle metabolic biochemistry correlate with transition to air breathing in fishes, the myotomal muscles of aruana, an obligate water breather, and Arapaima, a related obligate air breather, were compared using electron microscopy and enzyme methods. White muscle in both species maintained a rather similar ultrastructure, characterized by large-diameter fibers, very few mitochondria, and few capillaries. However, aruana white muscle displayed nearly fivefold higher levels of pyruvate kinase, threefold higher levels of muscle-type lactate dehydrogenase, and a fourfold higher ratio of fructose diphosphatase –phosphofructokinase activity; at the same time, enzymes in aerobic metabolism occurred at about one-half the levels in Arapaima. Red muscle was never found in the myotomal mass of aruana, but in Arapaima, red muscle was present and seemed fueled by glycogen, lipid droplets never being observed. From these and other data, it was concluded that in myotomal muscle two processes correlate with the transition to air breathing in Amazon osteoglossids: firstly, an emphasis in oxidative metabolism, and secondly, a retention of red muscle. However, compared with more active water-breathing species, Arapaima sustains an overall dampening of enzyme activities in its myotomal muscle, which because of the large myotome mass explains why its overall metabolic rate is relatively low. By keeping the oxidative capacity of its myotomal muscle low, Arapaima automatically conserves O2 either for a longer time or for other more O2-requiring organs in the body, a perfectly understandable strategy for an air-breathing, diving fish, comparable with that observed in other diving vertebrates. A similar comparison was also made of two erythrinid fishes, one that skimmed the O2-rich surface layers of water and one that obtained three quarters of its O2 from water, one quarter from air. Ultrastructural and enzyme data led to the unexpected conclusion that the surface skimmer sustained a higher oxidative capacity in its myotomal muscles than did the facultative air breather.

Vasculature of the Gas-Exchange Organs in Air-Breathing Brachyurans

1990 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Greenaway ◽  
Caroline Farrelly
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Air Breathing

scholarly journals Coca chewing for exercise: hormonal and metabolic responses of nonhabitual chewers

1996 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 1901-1907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Favier ◽  
Esperanza Caceres ◽  
Laurent Guillon ◽  
Brigitte Sempore ◽  
Michel Sauvain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Respiratory Gas Exchange ◽  
Gum Chewing ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Exercise Induced

Favier, Roland, Esperanza Caceres, Laurent Guillon, Brigitte Sempore, Michel Sauvain, Harry Koubi, and Hilde Spielvogel. Coca chewing for exercise: hormonal and metabolic responses of nonhabitual chewers. J. Appl. Physiol. 81(5): 1901–1907, 1996.—To determine the effects of acute coca use on the hormonal and metabolic responses to exercise, 12 healthy nonhabitual coca users were submitted twice to steady-state exercise (∼75% maximal O2 uptake). On one occasion, they were asked to chew 15 g of coca leaves 1 h before exercise, whereas on the other occasion, exercise was performed after 1 h of chewing a sugar-free chewing gum. Plasma epinephrine, norepinephrine, insulin, glucagon, and metabolites (glucose, lactate, glycerol, and free fatty acids) were determined at rest before and after coca chewing and during the 5th, 15th, 30th, and 60th min of exercise. Simultaneously to these determinations, cardiorespiratory variables (heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, oxygen uptake, and respiratory gas exchange ratio) were also measured. At rest, coca chewing had no effect on plasma hormonal and metabolic levels except for a significantly reduced insulin concentration. During exercise, the oxygen uptake, heart rate, and respiratory gas exchange ratio were significantly increased in the coca-chewing trial compared with the control (gum-chewing) test. The exercise-induced drop in plasma glucose and insulin was prevented by prior coca chewing. These results contrast with previous data obtained in chronic coca users who display during prolonged submaximal exercise an exaggerated plasma sympathetic response, an enhanced availability and utilization of fat (R. Favier, E. Caceres, H. Koubi, B. Sempore, M. Sauvain, and H. Spielvogel. J. Appl. Physiol. 80: 650–655, 1996). We conclude that, whereas coca chewing might affect glucose homeostasis during exercise, none of the physiological data provided by this study would suggest that acute coca chewing in nonhabitual users could enhance tolerance to exercise.

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