Seasonal change in the amount of visual pigment in the retinae of fish

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald M. Allen ◽  
Ellis R. Loew ◽  
William N. McFarland
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Change ◽  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Visual Pigment ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Visual Pigments ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Concomitant Increase ◽  
Retinal Photoreceptors ◽  
The Way

The total amount of two visual pigments, rhodopsin and porphyropsin, extracted from retinal photoreceptors of three trouts and a cyprinid, changes seasonally. In Salmo gairdneri, Salmo trutta, and Salvelinus fontinalis maintained in an outdoor raceway at constant temperature (8 °C) the total amount of visual pigment increased about twofold during the winter, though the proportions of rhodopsin and porphyropsin were relatively unchanged. In eastern common shiners, Notropis cornutis, sampled from a stream, visual pigment increased by about fourfold in winter as compared with summer, and porphyropsin rose from about 17 to 68% of the total amount. A later sample of summer and winter shiners revealed no difference in the density of visual pigment within individual rods.An increased amount of visual pigment will broaden the overall pigment absorptance spectrum and a concomitant increase in porphyropsin will further broaden and shift absorptance toward longer wavelengths. Thus, change in total amount of visual pigment represents a new dimension in the way that visual pigment absorptance can be dynamically altered in certain fishes.

Changes in the visual pigments of trout

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 901-914 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald M. Allen ◽  
William N. McFarland ◽  
Frederick W. Munz ◽  
Hugh A. Poston
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Visual Pigment ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Visual Pigments ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Canopy Access

The proportions of two visual pigments (rhodopsin and porphyropsin) were examined in four species of trout under experimental and natural conditions. Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), and brown trout (Salmo trutta) have different relative proportions of visual pigments in their retinae. The visual pigment balance in wild cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) is related to forest canopy (access to light) and season. The brown trout have a more red-sensitive and less labile pair of visual pigments than brook or rainbow trout, which respond to photic conditions by increasing the proportion of porphyropsin (in light) and increasing rhodopsin (in darkness). The brown trout have a high percentage of porphyropsin, regardless of experimental conditions. This result does not reflect an inability to form rhodopsin but rather may relate to a consistently high proportion of 3-dehydroretinol in the pigment epithelium. The possible advantages and mechanisms of environmental control of trout visual pigment absorbance, as currently understood, are discussed.

Biochemical and Serological Characteristics of Ontario Isolates of Yersinia ruckeri

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 870-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. W. Stevenson ◽  
J. G. Daly
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Geographic Range ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Yersinia Ruckeri ◽  
Fish Health ◽  
Brown Trout Salmo Trutta ◽  
Coregonus Artedii

During testing hatchery and wild fish from Ontario sources, we isolated bacteria that had sufficient characteristics in common with Yersinia ruckeri to suggest they were strains of this organism. Three isolates from brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), and cisco (Coregonus artedii) biochemically resembled the sorbitol-fermenting Serovar II strain of Y. ruckeri, but gave cross reactions with antiserum to the Hagerman strain, Serovar I. A fourth isolate from brown trout (Salmo trutta) appeared to be different from the three previously described serovars. A fifth isolate previously obtained from muskrat (Ondatra zibethica) intestine biochemically and serologically corresponded to the Hagerman serovar. We suggest that the geographic range of Y. ruckeri and variations in its biochemical and serological properties are greater than previously believed. These findings are of significance in diagnosis and regulation of enteric redmouth disease of salmonids.Key words: Yersinia ruckeri, enteric redmouth, ERM, bacterial disease, fish health protection

scholarly journals Visual pigments in a palaeognath bird, the emu Dromaius novaehollandiae : implications for spectral sensitivity and the origin of ultraviolet vision

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1834) ◽  
pp. 20161063 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan S. Hart ◽  
Jessica K. Mountford ◽  
Wayne I. L. Davies ◽  
Shaun P. Collin ◽  
David M. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Visual Pigment ◽  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Visual Pigments ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Avian Evolution ◽  
Retinal Photoreceptors ◽  
Cone Type ◽  
Dromaius Novaehollandiae

A comprehensive description of the spectral characteristics of retinal photoreceptors in palaeognaths is lacking. Moreover, controversy exists with respect to the spectral sensitivity of the short-wavelength-sensitive-1 (SWS1) opsin-based visual pigment expressed in one type of single cone: previous microspectrophotometric (MSP) measurements in the ostrich ( Struthio camelus ) suggested a violet-sensitive (VS) SWS1 pigment, but all palaeognath SWS1 opsin sequences obtained to date (including the ostrich) imply that the visual pigment is ultraviolet-sensitive (UVS). In this study, MSP was used to measure the spectral properties of visual pigments and oil droplets in the retinal photoreceptors of the emu ( Dromaius novaehollandiae ). Results show that the emu resembles most other bird species in possessing four spectrally distinct single cones, as well as double cones and rods. Four cone and a single rod opsin are expressed, each an orthologue of a previously identified pigment. The SWS1 pigment is clearly UVS (wavelength of maximum absorbance [ λ max ] = 376 nm), with key tuning sites (Phe86 and Cys90) consistent with other vertebrate UVS SWS1 pigments. Palaeognaths would appear, therefore, to have UVS SWS1 pigments. As they are considered to be basal in avian evolution, this suggests that UVS is the most likely ancestral state for birds. The functional significance of a dedicated UVS cone type in the emu is discussed.

Parasites of Freshwater Fishes (Salmonidae and Coregonidae) of Insular Newfoundland

1967 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 1911-1943 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. M. Sandeman ◽  
J. H. C. Pippy
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Host Specificity ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Coregonus Clupeaformis ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Lake Fish

A survey was made of the parasites of freshwater game fishes in Insular Newfoundland. A total of 304 fish from five species (Salvelinus fontinalis, Salmo salar (grilse, landlocked, parr, smolt), Salmo gairdneri, Salmo trutta, and Coregonus clupeaformis) was examined from 43 sampling stations covering the main watersheds of the island. Twenty-six parasitic species are recorded. Two new species, Phyllodistomum limnosa and Salmincola exsanguinata, are described. Descriptions are given and the systematic positions of the following discussed: Trichophrya piscium, Crepidostomum farionis, Apophallus brevis (metacercariae), Dibothriocephalus sp., Echinorhynchus lateralis, Metabronema salvelini, Philonema agubernaculum, Salmincola salmonea, and Argulus canadensis. A host–parasite list with percentage infections is given for all species of fish and a table showing the distribution between river and lake fish over the island as a whole is given for the commoner parasites of S. fontinalis. Distribution and host specificity are discussed.

Visual pigment changes in the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 1117-1126 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Jacquest ◽  
D. D. Beatty
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Visual Pigment ◽  
Intramuscular Injection ◽  
Visual Pigments ◽  
The Other ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Thyrotropic Hormone

The retinae of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, have mixtures of two visual pigments, one based on retinaldehyde (VP5031), the other on 3-dehydroretinaldehyde (VP5272). Increases in the proportion of VP5272 or maintained high percentages of VP5272 were induced in three ways: (1) feeding a diet rich in 3-dehydroretinol; (2) intraperitoneal injections of L-thyroxine; and (3) intramuscular injection of bovine thyrotropic hormone. The possible significance of these findings in relation to carotenoid conversions in fish is discussed.

scholarly journals Visual Pigments of Goldfish Cones

1974 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferenc I. Hárosi ◽  
Edward F. MacNichol
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Band ◽  
Oscillator Strength ◽  
Optical Density ◽  
Visual Pigment ◽  
Visual Pigments ◽  
Main Absorption Band ◽  
Dichroic Ratio ◽  
Outer Segments ◽  
Retinal Photoreceptors ◽  
Cone Pigments

Freshly isolated retinal photoreceptors of goldfish were studied microspectrophotometrically. Absolute absorptance spectra obtained from dark-adapted cone outer segments reaffirm the existence of three spectrally distinct cone types with absorption maxima at 455 ± 3,530 ± 3, and 625 ± 5 nm. These types were found often recognizable by gross cellular morphology. Side-illuminated cone outer segments were dichroic. The measured dichroic ratio for the main absorption band of each type was 2–3:1. Rapidly bleached cells revealed spectral and dichroic transitions in regions near 400–410, 435–455, and 350–360 nm. These photoproducts decay about fivefold as fast as the intermediates in frog rods. The spectral maxima of photoproducts, combined with other evidence, indicate that retinene2 is the chromophore of all three cone pigments. The average specific optical density for goldfish cone outer segments was found to be 0.0124 ± 0.0015/µm. The spectra of the blue-, and green-absorbing cones appeared to match porphyropsin standards with half-band width Δν = 4,832 ± 100 cm–1. The red-absorbing spectrum was found narrower, having Δν = 3,625 ± 100 cm–1. The results are consistent with the notion that visual pigment concentration within the outer segments is about the same for frog rods and goldfish cones, but that the blue-, and green-absorbing pigments possess molar extinctions of 30,000 liter/mol cm. The red-absorbing pigment was found to have extinction of 40,000 liter/mol cm, assuming invariance of oscillator strength among the three cone spectra.

Increased Survival in Salmonid Hybrids by Induced Triploidy

1983 ◽  
Vol 40 (11) ◽  
pp. 2040-2044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul D. Scheerer ◽  
Gary H. Thorgaard
Keyword(s):  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Fish Hybrids ◽  
Tiger Trout ◽  
General Method

All possible hybrid crosses between brook (Salvelinus fontinalis), brown (Salmo trutta), and rainbow (Salmo gairdneri) trout were made and a portion of the fertilized eggs from each mating were heat shocked to induce triploidy. Within a species, triploids generally showed poorer survival to the initiation of feeding than diploids. In most crosses, however, triploid hybrids showed much better survival than diploid hybrids. The triploid tiger trout (brown × brook) hybrid showed the most potential of the hybrids tested. Induced triploidy could be a useful general method for increasing survival in interspecific fish hybrids.

Elementos traza en peces de los lagos patagónicos

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Débora Fabiana Bubach
Keyword(s):  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis

El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar algunos elementos traza y mayoritarios en músculo e hígado de peces de lagos de la Patagonia Norte Cordillerana para brindar información sobre los niveles de base en relación a la distribución global de elementos, y efectos locales relacionados con la variabilidad interespecifica en un mismo ambiente y espacial en una misma especie entre las distintas cuencas. Para lo cual, en el primer caso, se compararon las concentraciones elementales en los peces cordilleranos patagónicos que incluyeron salmónidos: Salmo trutta (trucha marrón), Oncorhynchus mykiss (trucha arco iris), Salvelinus fontinalis (trucha de arroyo), un percíctido: Percichthys trucha (perca de boca chica) y un silúrido: Diplomistes viedmensis (bagre aterciopelado) con grupos taxonómicos similares de áreas remotas y con impacto antrópico de distintas regiones del mundo. En el segundo caso, se evaluó la variabilidad interespecífica de la concentración de los elementos en los lagos Nahuel Huapi y Moreno por estar próximos y conectados, y fundamentalmente por la variedad y abundancia de especies de peces. La variabilidad espacial de la composición elemental de los peces en las distintas cuencas relacionadas con diversos factores ambientales como el basamento geológico y el impacto antrópico, se evaluó en la trucha arcoíris que está ampliamente distribuida en los distintos lagos, de vertiente atlántica como el Traful, Espejo Chico, Nahuel Huapi y Moreno, y de pendiente pacífica como Guillelmo, Rivadavia y Futalaufquen.

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