Free amino acid profiles in blood during diving and recovery in the Antarctic Weddell seal

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Murphy ◽  
P. W. Hochachka
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Weddell Seal ◽  
Free Amino Acid Pool ◽  
Acid Pool ◽  
The Antarctic

The blood content of free amino acids was measured in the Antarctic Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli) to assess their possible role in energy metabolism during simulated diving and recovery sequences. The total free amino acid pool size was similar to that in the common harbour seal and in man, but there were a few notable differences in amino acid contributions to the total pool. For example, in the Weddell seal alanine concentrations were unusually low. During diving, the content of free amino acids in whole blood changed hardly at all, unless glutathione levels also changed. In 5 of 10 dive sequences examined, glutathione was markedly depleted during diving, concomitant with a sharp rise in glutamate and glycine released on hydrolysis of this tripeptide. During recovery, glutathione levels were recharged quite rapidly. About half the glutamate and glycine expected from glutathione hydrolysis was expressed by elevated levels of these two amino acids; similarly, only a part of the glutathione reformed during recovery was represented by decreasing glutamate and glycine levels. The only other significant changes in amino acid levels during recovery were shown by alanine and glutamine, both of which increased in whole blood for periods of about 30–60 min. It was concluded that under most simulated diving conditions, free amino acid pools and profiles are not strongly perturbed. Metabolic conditions may arise, however, leading to large drops in glutathione levels, which in turn may perturb the free amino acid pool.

Effects of larval Digenea on the free amino acid pool of Littorina littorea (L.)

Parasitology ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart D. M. Watts
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Amino Acid Pool ◽  
Littorina Littorea ◽  
Free Amino Acid Pool ◽  
Acid Pool

Quantitative chromatographic analysis of the free amino acids of the head–foot muscle of uninfected and infected Littorina littorea indicates that there is specific variation in the physiological effects of parasitism. The total concentration of free amino acids in the host head–foot muscle showed an increase of 10·9% with infections of Cryptocotyle lingua rediae, a decrease of 12·7% with infections of Himasthla leptosoma rediae and a decrease of 57·5% with infections of Cercaria emasculans sporocysts. These effects probably depend on three main factors namely, the nature, size and mobility of the larvae of the three species concerned and the influence of these factors in determining the extent of any damage to the hepatopancreas of the host.The larvae of C. lingua are probably less affected by the changes they induce in the free amino acid pool of the host than the larvae of H. leptosoma and Cercaria emasculans which induce changes equivalent to starvation.This work was conducted during the tenure of a Science Research Council Studentship. I would like to thank Professor B. John and Mr A. R. Hockley for their helpful advice and criticism.

The free Amino acid Pool of the Haemocytes of Carcinus Maenas (L.)

1972 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 501-507
Author(s):  
P. D. EVANS
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Blood Sample ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Carcinus Maenas ◽  
Total Free Amino Acid ◽  
Whole Blood Sample

1. The presence of a large intracellular pool of free amino acids in the haemocytes of Carcinus maenas (L.) is described. It was found that 58 % of the total free amino acid concentration of a whole-blood sample was present in the cell fraction. 2. The blood-cell count for Carcinus was found to be around 33,000 cells/µl which corresponded to 1 % by volume of the whole-blood sample. Thus 58 % of the total free amino acid concentration of the blood sample is sequestered into 1 % of the total volume. 3. The pattern of the amino acid pool of the haemocytes is shown to differ from that of muscle and nervous tissue from Carcinus. In particular, the taurine molecule accounted for 50 % of the pool in the haemocytes. 4. Possible functions for the amino acids of the haemocyte pool are suggested and the results are discussed in relation to other studies on free amino acids in crustacean blood.

Changes in Free Amino Acids in Skeletal Muscle of Cod (Gadus morhua) Under Conditions Simulating Gillnet Fishing

1968 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 935-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Dambergs ◽  
P. Odense ◽  
R. Guilbault
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Small Peptides ◽  
Free Amino Acid Pool ◽  
Amino Acid Analyser ◽  
Muscular Tissues

The total amounts of free amino acids, comprising both the intracellular and plasmal pools, as well as the amino acids combined in small peptides were determined with an automatic amino acid analyser in muscular tissues of freshly killed cod and in cod suffocated in simulated gillnetting conditions. The total amount of the free amino acids in the musculature was 2.4% of the amino acids composing the proteins. More than 90% of the free amino acid pool was represented by histidine, taurine, glycine, alanine, lysine, and β-alanine. The amino acids that were not found in small peptides are taurine, alanine, threonine, lysine, tyrosine, cystine, and methionine. In the absence of flexion or handling of the suffocated fish there was no evidence of enzymatic processes up to 72 hr after death. There was a slight, continuous loss of the free amino acids from the intact body of the fish during the prerigor and rigor periods. No evidence of deaminase activity affecting the amino acids was detected. Histidine, with its methyl homologues, was the major free amino acid.

The effect of oxygen availability on the osmoregulatory contribution of free amino acids in Acanthamoeba castellanii

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (7) ◽  
pp. 1430-1435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yves Geoffrion ◽  
Helga Guderley ◽  
Jacques Larochelle
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Amino Acid Pool ◽  
Free Amino Acid Content ◽  
Free Amino Acid Pool ◽  
Hyperosmotic Shock ◽  
Acid Pool

In Acanthamoeba, the availability of oxygen markedly affects the response to hyperosmotic (250 to 500 mosmol/kg water) or hypoosmotic (250 to 125 mosmol/kg water) stress. The short-term recovery of cell hydration after hyperosmotic shock was more rapid at a [Formula: see text] of 54 Torr (1 Torr = 133.322 Pa) than at 5 Torr, despite similar increases in the free amino acid content of the cell (2.3- to 2.4-fold). Under anoxia, the early response to both hyper- and hypo-osmotic stress resulted in osmometer-like cells and the osmoregulatory contribution of the free amino acid pool following hyperosmotic shock was totally abolished. After a hypoosmotic shock under anoxia, however, the decrease of the free amino acid pool, though much slower, was of the same magnitude as under aerobic conditions (1.8- to 2.5-fold). This was apparently the only osmoregulatory mechanism operative in the absence of oxygen. The free amino acid pool was qualitatively affected by the oxygenation level, with proline being more abundant at high [Formula: see text] and alanine being more important under low [Formula: see text] and anoxia. The oxygen consumption of the cells was essentially unaffected by osmotic stress and by the [Formula: see text] level. The osmotically induced changes in the free amino acid content of the cell involve flows of energy into and out of the free amino acid pool that appear considerable when compared with the energy available from oxidative metabolism. This suggests that de novo synthesis and complete oxidation have only a limited role in the supply and disposal of the free amino acids involved in osmotic regulation.

Studies on the free pool of amino acids of the cestodeHymenolepis diminuta

Parasitology ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. H. Chappell ◽  
C. P. Read
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽  
Amino Acid Pool ◽  
Absolute Amount ◽  
Free Amino Acid Pool ◽  
Acid Pool

Alteration of the free amino acid pool ofHymenolepis diminutawas observed following incubation of worms with a single exogenous amino acidin vitro, recovery from which depended upon the initial magnitude of alteration. The free amino acid pool of both rat small intestine andH. diminutawas rendered imbalanced after feeding a single dietary dose of proline. Recovery was more rapid in the host than in the parasite tissues. The quantitative dynamics of amino acid change with time were examined. The effects of amino acid variation upon the uptake and incorporation of lysine-C14into worm protein were examinedin vitro. Four amino acids altered lysine incorporation; aspartate stimulated incorporation while ornithine, arginine and histidine reduced variously the absolute amount of lysine uptake but produced relative stimulation of lysine incorporation. These data indicate that, in the system examined, short term variation of the free amino acid pool is unlikely to affect protein synthesis inH. diminuta. Data were obtained suggesting the possible occurrence of certain amino acid inter conversions inH. diminuta.

Liver extract and its free amino acids equally stimulate gastric acid secretion

1980 ◽  
Vol 239 (6) ◽  
pp. G493-G496 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Feldman ◽  
M. I. Grossman
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Secretion ◽  
Gastric Acid Secretion ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Liver Extract ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Acid Mixture

Using intragastric titration in dogs with gastric fistulas, dose-response studies were carried out with liver extract and with a mixture of amino acids that matched the free amino acids found in liver extract. All solutions were adjusted to pH 7.0 and osmolality to 290 mosmol x kg-1. Doses are expressed as the sum of the concentrations of all free amino acids. At each dose studied (free amino acid concentration: 2.8, 5.6, 11, 23, and 45 mM), acid secretion in response to the free amino acid mixture was not significantly different from that of liver extract. The peak response to both liver extract and the free amino acid mixture occurred with the 23-mM dose and represented about 60% of the maximal response to histamine. The serum concentrations of gastrin after liver extract and the amino acid mixture were not significantly different. It is concluded that in dogs with gastric fistula, gastric acid secretion and release of gastrin were not significantly different in response to liver extract and to a mixture of amino acids that simulated the free amino acid content of liver extract.

Postnatal changes in free amino acid pool of rabbit brain

1967 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 374-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harish C. Agrawal ◽  
Jimmie M. Davis ◽  
Williamina A. Himwich
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Amino Acid Pool ◽  
Rabbit Brain ◽  
Free Amino Acid Pool ◽  
Acid Pool
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