Digger wasp predatory behavior (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae): fly hunting and capture by Oxybelus uniglumis (Crabroninae: Oxybelini); a case of extremely concentrated stinging pattern and prey nervous system

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 953-962 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Steiner
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Ventral Nerve Cord ◽  
Ventral Side ◽  
Predatory Behavior ◽  
The State ◽  
Thoracic Segment ◽  
Subesophageal Ganglion ◽  
Digger Wasp ◽  
Single Mass

Several Orthoptera-hunting wasps usually deliver four paralyzing stings to their prey (one for each thoracic segment and one for the ventral side of the neck) in a predictable, although not immutable, order. This also matches the number of thoracic ganglia of the ventral nerve cord and leg pairs plus the subesophageal ganglion that controls the potentially dangerous mandibles. Oxybelus wasps usually deliver only one thoracic sting, behind one foreleg base, and no neck sting. Many flies have only a single mass of fused ganglia in the thorax, no subesophageal ganglion, and no potentially dangerous mouthparts. Furthermore, some Oxybelus wasps use the sting for prey carriage. The number of thoracic stings matches the number of thoracic ganglionic masses (one), rather than the number of leg pairs (three), thoracic segments (three), or pairs of easily punctured soft membranes (three). This case of extremely reduced paralyzing sequence and prey nervous system is discussed from an evolutionary standpoint and compared with cases in which less or no such reduction occurred. Correlative differences in the state of the prey are also considered.

Distribution of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the central nervous system of the male mud crab, Scylla olivacea

Crustaceana ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 93 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 1123-1134
Author(s):  
Kanjana Khornchatri ◽  
Jirawat Saetan ◽  
Sirirak Mukem ◽  
Prasert Sobhon ◽  
Tipsuda Thongbuakaew
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Ventral Nerve Cord ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Mud Crab ◽  
Decapod Crustaceans ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Abstract Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a neurotransmitter that is widely spread in vertebrate and invertebrate nervous systems and modulates essential physiological roles. Previous studies have reported the distribution of several neurotransmitters throughout the central nervous system (CNS) of decapod crustaceans. However, the existence and distribution of GABA in the mud crab’s, Scylla olivacea, CNS has still not been reported. In this study, we investigated the distribution of GABA using immunohistochemistry. The result revealed that GABA immunoreactivity (-ir) was observed in neurons and fibres throughout the CNS, including the eyestalk, brain, and ventral nerve cord of S. olivacea. Therefore, the existence and extensive distribution pattern of GABA in the CNS of the male mud crab suggest its possible roles in feeding, locomotion, and also reproduction.

First detection of serotonin in the nervous system of the marine calanoid copepod Centropages typicus

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Benzid ◽  
C. Morris ◽  
R.-M. Barthélémy
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Ventral Nerve Cord ◽  
Calanoid Copepod ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Calanoid Copepods ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Serotoninergic Nervous System ◽  
Centropages Typicus

This investigation constitutes the first study of the serotoninergic nervous system in calanoid copepods (crustaceans). Serotonin (5-HT), a neurotransmitter which plays a part in many biological processes, has been detected by immunofluorescence in the brain, the circumoesophageal collar and the ventral nerve cord of the marine species Centropages typicus.

scholarly journals Whole-central nervous system functional imaging in larval Drosophila

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Lemon ◽  
Stefan R. Pulver ◽  
Burkhard Höckendorf ◽  
Katie McDole ◽  
Kristin Branson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Ventral Nerve Cord ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Network Activity ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Spatiotemporal Resolution ◽  
Functional Connections ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Understanding how the brain works in tight concert with the rest of the central nervous system (CNS) hinges upon knowledge of coordinated activity patterns across the whole CNS. We present a method for measuring activity in an entire, non-transparent CNS with high spatiotemporal resolution. We combine a light-sheet microscope capable of simultaneous multi-view imaging at volumetric speeds 25-fold faster than the state-of-the-art, a whole-CNS imaging assay for the isolated Drosophila larval CNS and a computational framework for analysing multi-view, whole-CNS calcium imaging data. We image both brain and ventral nerve cord, covering the entire CNS at 2 or 5 Hz with two- or one-photon excitation, respectively. By mapping network activity during fictive behaviours and quantitatively comparing high-resolution whole-CNS activity maps across individuals, we predict functional connections between CNS regions and reveal neurons in the brain that identify type and temporal state of motor programs executed in the ventral nerve cord.

VI. Note on the differences in the position of the ganglia of the ventral nerve-cord in three species of scorpion

1883 ◽  
Vol 34 (220-223) ◽  
pp. 101-104
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Ventral Nerve Cord ◽  
Living Condition

No one who is acquainted with the researches of George Newport can doubt the general accuracy of his description of the nervous system of an “Androctonus.” Very probably the Scorpion which he made use of for his researches on the nervous system was Androctonus funestus, Ehr., the same which I have received in the living condition from North Africa.

scholarly journals 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) decarboxylase activity in the arthropod nervous system

1973 ◽  
Vol 132 (4) ◽  
pp. 681-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. L. Murdock ◽  
R. A. Wirtz ◽  
G. Köhler
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Ventral Nerve Cord ◽  
Locusta Migratoria ◽  
Dopa Decarboxylase ◽  
Decarboxylase Activity ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Radiochemical Method ◽  
Mature Adult ◽  
Mature Period

1. When homogenates of brains from mature adult locusts (Locusta migratoria) were incubated with l-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)[3-14C]alanine the major radioactive metabolite was dopamine, suggesting the presence of a dopa (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) decarboxylase. 2. Decarboxylation of l-dopa by this tissue, measured under optimum conditions by a radiochemical method, was 21μmol of CO2/h per g wet wt. Apparent decarboxylation of l-tyrosine proceeded at 0.34μmol of CO2/h per g wet wt. There was no detectable decarboxylation of l-tryptophan, l-histidine or l-phenylalanine. 3. Dopa decarboxylase activity was found in all major regions of the ventral nerve cord of the mature locust (range: 4–7μmol of CO2/h per g wet wt.) but was low or absent in thoracic peripheral nerve. 4. Marked decarboxylation of l-dopa was found in homogenates of brains of four other species of insects, and in brain and ventral nerve cord, but not in the claw nerve, of the crayfish. 5. The activity of the locust brain enzyme may be slightly lower at the time of imaginal ecdysis than during the mature period. By contrast, the dopa decarboxylase that produces dopamine as an intermediate in cuticle biosynthesis is known to be high in activity at the time of ecdysis and low in activity during the intermoult stages.

scholarly journals From swimming towards sessility in two metamorphoses – the drastic changes in structure and function of the nervous system of the bay barnacle Amphibalanus improvisus (Crustacea, Thecostraca, Cirripedia) during development

2020 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 324-352
Author(s):  
Paul Kalke ◽  
Thomas Frase ◽  
Stefan Richter
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Ventral Nerve Cord ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Compound Eyes ◽  
Cephalic Shield

Knowledge about the development of the nervous system in cirripeds is limited, particularly with regard to the changes that take place during the two metamorphoses their larvae undergo. This study delivers the first detailed description of the development of the nervous system in a cirriped species, Amphibalanus improvisus by using immunohistochemical labeling against acetylated alpha-tubulin, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The development of the nervous system in the naupliar stages corresponds largely to that in other crustaceans. As development progresses, the protocerebral sensory organs differentiate and the intersegmental nerves forming the complex peripheral nervous system appear, innervating the sensory structures of the cephalic shield. During metamorphosis into a cypris the lateral sides of the cephalic shield fold down into a bilateral carapace, which leads to a reorganization of the peripheral nervous system. The syncerebrum of the cypris exhibits the highest degree of complexity of all developmental stages, innervating the frontal filaments, nauplius eye, compound eyes and the antennules. During settlement, when the second metamorphosis occur, the closely associated frontal filaments and compound eyes are shed together with the cuticle of the carapace and the antennules. In adults, the syncerebral structures are reduced while the ventral nerve cord and the peripheral nervous system increase in complexity. The peripheral nervous system plays an important role in processing sensory input and also in settlement. In summary, through the larval development we observed a structural and thus also functional increase of complexity in favor of the peripheral nervous system and the ventral nerve cord.

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