Investigatory behaviour of plains garter snakes, Thamnophis radix (Reptilia: Colubridae), in tests of repellant chemicals

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 691-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Secoy
Keyword(s):  
Tongue Flick ◽  
Garter Snakes ◽  
Searching Behaviour ◽  
Investigatory Behaviour

Nineteen adult and 24 young Thamnophis radix, collected at two sites in southern Saskatchewan, were tested for avoidance to 10 common chemicals and commercial repellants. Avoidance was noted only to a repelling fumigant containing pyrethrum. Analysis of tongue flick rate showed that the adults used this part of searching behaviour significantly more than the young.

Snake tongue-flicking: transfer mechanics to Jacobson's organ

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 1651-1657 ◽  
Author(s):  
James C. Gillingham ◽  
David L. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Vomeronasal Organ ◽  
Electron Microscopic Examination ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
Tongue Flick ◽  
Garter Snakes ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopic ◽  
Food Odors ◽  
Tongue Flicking ◽  
Jacobson's Organ

Cinematographic analysis of the open-mouthed tongue flick of rat snakes (Elaphe) revealed elevation of the anterior processes following tongue retraction into the lingual sheath. The ventral surface of the tongue makes contact with these processes on each retraction and these processes are directly aligned with Jacobson's (vomeronasal) organ in the roof of the mouth. Scanning electron microscopic examination of the anterior process surface reveals an increased surface area through oblique ridges. Experimental removal of these structures prevents open-field detection of food odors in garter snakes (Thamnophis). These data indicate that this structure is the vehicle for transfer of substances to Jacobson's organ during snake chemosensation.

scholarly journals Comparison of Searching Behaviour of Three Evolutionary Algorithms Applied to Water Distribution System Design Optimization

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiwei Bi ◽  
Yihui Xu ◽  
Hongyu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Algorithms ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Optimization Design ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Optimal Solutions ◽  
Great Ability ◽  
Searching Behaviour ◽  
Run Time

Over the past few decades, various evolutionary algorithms (EAs) have been applied to the optimization design of water distribution systems (WDSs). An important research area is to compare the performance of these EAs, thereby offering guidance for the selection of the appropriate EAs for practical implementations. Such comparisons are mainly based on the final solution statistics and, hence, are unable to provide knowledge on how different EAs reach the final optimal solutions and why different EAs performed differently in identifying optimal solutions. To this end, this paper aims to compare the real-time searching behaviour of three widely used EAs, which are genetic algorithms (GAs), the differential evolution (DE) algorithm and the ant colony optimization (ACO). These three EAs are applied to five WDS benchmarking case studies with different scales and complexities, and a set of five metrics are used to measure their run-time searching quality and convergence properties. Results show that the run-time metrics can effectively reveal the underlying searching mechanisms associated with each EA, which significantly goes beyond the knowledge from the traditional end-of-run solution statistics. It is observed that the DE is able to identify better solutions if moderate and large computational budgets are allowed due to its great ability in maintaining the balance between the exploration and exploitation. However, if the computational resources are rather limited or the decision has to be made in a very short time (e.g., real-time WDS operation), the GA can be a good choice as it can always identify better solutions than the DE and ACO at the early searching stages. Based on the results, the ACO performs the worst for the five case study considered. The outcome of this study is the offer of guidance for the algorithm selection based on the available computation resources, as well as knowledge into the EA’s underlying searching behaviours.

Analysis of chemicals from earthworms and fish that elicit prey attack by ingestively naive garter snakes (Thamnophis)

1990 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred M. Schell ◽  
Gordon M. Burghardt ◽  
Adam Johnston ◽  
Christopher Coholich
Keyword(s):  
Garter Snakes
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