Winter bioenergetics of Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (11) ◽  
pp. 2388-2393 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Chappel ◽  
R. J. Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Bighorn Sheep ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Critical Temperatures ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Voluntary Intake

Changes in voluntary dry matter intake, body weight, and resting metabolic rates at 10 and −10 °C were measured in four adult Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep from October until May. Voluntary intake in mid-February decreased to 0.55 of that in mid-October. Body weights increased until January after which stasis or slight declines occurred. Resting metabolic rate at 10 °C fluctuated without a consistent pattern over winter. Resting metabolic rates at −10 °C were lowest in February and highest in May. The lower critical temperatures of fed animals in winter pelage were below −20 °C. As temperatures were lowered from −20 to −30 °C, metabolic rates increased 1.37- to 1.39-fold. Wind speeds from 4 to 8 m/s increased metabolic rates only at temperatures below −20 °C.

EVALUATION OF TIMOTHY CULTIVARS FOR VOLUNTARY INTAKE AND NUTRIENT COMPONENTS

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 1121-1129 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. N. MASON ◽  
P. M. FLIPOT
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Flower Stage ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

Five timothy (Phleum pratense L.) cultivars, Clair, Champ, Milton, Climax and Bounty, were harvested at first flower stage during 2 consecutive years and in the regrowth for 1 yr. The forages were each offered as hay to 15 young rams to evaluate voluntary intake. Five animals were used to determine initial harvest dry matter digestibility. The cultivars varied significantly in voluntary intake at first flower stage. The highest intake (g kg−0.75 d−1) averaged for the years was obtained in the early cultivar Champ (65.9), which was 10% more than that of the medium-late cultivar Climax. The cultivars did not differ significantly in dry matter digestibility. In the regrowth, the relative intakes of the cultivars were essentially reversed from that of the initial harvest. The voluntary intake was substantially higher but the differences among forages were less marked. Climax regrowth voluntary intake was higher (P < 0.05) than all cultivars, except Bounty. A 15% range in digestible dry matter intake was present among cultivars. The ranking of the culivars for digestible dry matter was different than for dry matter yield. Key words: Timothy, Phleum pratense L., voluntary intake, dry matter digestibility

Prediction of the voluntary intake of grass silages by beef cattle. 1. Linear regression analyses

1990 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Rook ◽  
M. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Linear Regressions

ABSTRACTData on individually recorded silage dry-matter intake (SDMI), concentrate dry-matter intake (CDMI) and live weight of steers and data on silage composition including toluene dry matter (TDM), pH, total nitrogen (N), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), volatile fatty acids (VFAs), digestible organic matter in the dry matter (DOMD) and neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) obtained from experiments conducted at three sites were used to obtain simple and multiple linear regressions of SDMI on other variables.Live weight accounted for a high proportion of the variation in intake but this effect could generally be removed by scaling intake by live weight raised to the power of 0·75 (M0·75). CDMI was the most important factor affecting scaled intake in mixed diets. TDM, NH,-N and VFAs all had important effects on SDMI. The relationship of SDMI with TDM was curvilinear suggesting that there is little to be gained in intake terms from wilting to TDM above 250 g/kg. The effect of NH3-N appeared to be related more to its correlation with VFAs than with any other nitrogenous constituent while the VFAs appeared to have a direct effect on SDMI. The effects of N and pH on SDMI were generally small. DOMD and NDF had relatively little effect on SDMI. Significant differences in intercepts between sites were found for most relationships although common slopes were often found.

Nutritional status and intake regulation in sheep. I. Effects of duodenally infused single doses of casein, urea, and propionate upon voluntary intake of a low-protein roughage by sheep

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 437 ◽  
Author(s):  
AR Egan ◽  
RJ Moir
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Cellulose Digestion ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Status ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Intake Regulation ◽  
Low Nitrogen

In each of two experiments, single infusions of casein administered to sheep per duodenum produced substantial and rapid increases in voluntary intake of chaffed oaten hay diets of low nitrogen content (0.62–0.70% nitrogen). The effect commenced within 16 hr of completion of the infusion, and occurred before any observed change in the rate of cellulose digestion in the rumen. When urea was infused per duodenum at the same level of nitrogen as with the casein, an increase in intake occurred on the day following infusion in one experiment. In a second experiment no such response occurred. Faster rates of cellulose digestion were observed on the day of infusion, apparently due to recycling of nitrogen to the rumen. Of the 10 g of nitrogen infused, 7.4 g of casein nitrogen and 5 g of urea nitrogen were retained. Propionate, infused in an attempt to reproduce the gluconeogenic properties of casein, did not have any major effect on daily dry matter intake, although it caused a depression in intake during the period of infusion in one experiment. Results are discussed in relation to the possible mechanism of response to the protein supplement. The possibility is suggested that the protein status of the animal is a component of a chemoregulatory mechanism governing the intake of low nitrogen diets by sheep.

Effect of reproductive state and concentrate supplementation on liquid and particulate turnover in the rumen of ewes given ammonia treated straw

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 1579 ◽  
Author(s):  
JF Perez ◽  
J Gasa ◽  
C Castrillo ◽  
JA Guada
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Energy Status ◽  
Reproductive State ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Breeding Status

Rates of passage of liquid and particulate markers (Co-EDTA, Cr mordanted fibres and Yb) were measured in ewes at late pregnancy, lactation and non-breeding status. Animals were given ammonia treated barley straw ad libitum supplemented daily with 250 and 550 (pregnancy), 550 and 850 (lactation) and 250, 550 and 850 (non-breeding) g of concentrate. The effect of the reproductive state was analysed only on ewes fed on 550 g of concentrate. Lactating ewes showed a higher voluntary straw intake (970 g/day) than pregnant or non-breeding ewes (720 and 790 g/day respectively), but there were not significant differences in the OM digestibility (OMD) among reproductive states. Increasing concentrate supplementation promoted significant decreases in the voluntary intake of straw, associated with an enhanced OMD ( P < 0.05). Fractional outflow rates (FOR/h) were higher in pregnant and non-breeding than in lactating ewes, although differences were only significant ( P < 0.01) for Chromium derived values. Ewes given 250 g of concentrate showed lower ( P < 0.05) FOR than those given 550 and 850 g/day. Results support the idea that in ruminants fed on low quality roughages, voluntary dry matter intake is mainly restricted by rumen capacity, although the energy status of the animals might influence the extent of this restriction.

VOLUNTARY INTAKE OF SHREDDED NEWSPRINT BY DAIRY COWS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 799-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. GRIEVE ◽  
J. H. BURTON ◽  
H. E. BRAUN ◽  
R. FRANK
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Voluntary Intake

Shredded newsprint is a potential source of bedding for livestock, but because it may contain certain heavy metals and polychlorinated biphenyls significant voluntary consumption of newsprint by animals would be undesirable. To determine consumption levels, 18 Holstein cows in mid-lactation (average 19 wk) were used in a double latin square design. Squares represented access to shredded newsprint or chopped hay in the feed manger except during feeding time. Within squares, cows were allotted to each of three complete mixed rations over three 6-wk treatment periods. Rations comprised hay crop silage, corn silage, high moisture grain corn and soybean meal with roughage:concentrate ratios of 30:70 (LR), 50:50 (MR) and 70:30 (HR). Mixed rations were fed according to individual cow requirements for energy depending on body weight, milk yield and milk fat percent. Cows were allowed 4 h after each of two feedings per day to consume their allotted mixed ration. Voluntary consumption of newsprint was only 0.3 kg per cow per day or 2% of total dry matter intake while for those offered hay consumption was 2.6 kg∙cow−1∙day−1 or 15% of total dry matter intake. Intakes of mixed rations were unaffected by roughage:concentrate ratio or newsprint versus hay. However, total dry matter consumption (mixed ration plus newsprint or hay) was higher for cows offered hay (17.3 kg∙cow−1∙day−1) than for those offered newsprint (15.1 kg∙cow−1∙day−1). Levels of heavy metals in milk or blood samples of cows with access to newsprint were within normally accepted ranges. PCBs were at undetectable levels in all cases. Bedding cows with newsprint is unlikely to result in significant consumption or contamination of animals or their products. Key words: Lactating cows, newsprint consumption, heavy metals

Seasonal variation in intake and digestion of a high-roughage diet by muskoxen

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Z. Adamczewski ◽  
P. F. Flood ◽  
R. K. Chaplin ◽  
J. A. Schaefer
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Fecal Excretion ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Maintenance Requirements

We studied changes in body weight, intake, retention time and apparent digestibility of a supplemented brome-alfalfa hay by mature muskoxen held near Saskatoon, Saskatchewan during two seasonal cycles. Body weights and voluntary intake were monitored during 16 trials from late March 1990 to December 1991, in four annually breeding females and in three hysterectomized females. Retention time of the hay and apparent digestibility of the diet were estimated in winter and summer 1991 from fecal excretion of chromium (Cr) after a pulse dose of Cr-mordanted hay, and from forage/fecal concentrations of chromic oxide, respectively, in six non-breeding muskoxen. Mean (±SE) body weights of breeding females were greatest in February and March (248 ± 5 kg) and lowest following calving in late May or early June (216 ± 6 kg), while mean weight of hysterectomized females declined little from a peak of 228 ± 21 kg in February-March to a low of 213 ± 21 kg in July. Mean dry matter intake of breeding females was highest in July and August (62 ± 3.6 g d−1 kg−0.75) then declined slowly to its lowest point in March and April (41 ± 0.7 g d−1 kg−0.75). Dry matter intake of hysterectomized cows was less clearly seasonal but averaged 42 ± 1.7 g d−1 kg−0.75 in late winter and 50 ± 4.9 g d−1 kg−0.75 in mid-summer. Mean retention time of hay, calculated using a noncompartmental model, declined significantly from 114 ± 4 h in March to 95 ± 4 h in July. Apparent organic matter digestibility decreased significantly from 73.8 ± 0.8% in winter to 61.7 ± 1.3% in summer. Compared with other ruminants, muskoxen are grazers exceptionally well-suited to digesting graminoid forage, with relatively low maintenance requirements and prolonged retention times. Most of the seasonal changes in weight and intake of breeding females could be ascribed to reproductive cost, but there also appeared to be seasonal effects on intake, retention time and body weight in non-breeding muskoxen. Key words: Digestibility, intake, maintenance requirements, muskoxen, retention time, seasonal variation

Supplementation of rice straw with dry leucaena

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 381 ◽  
Author(s):  
PT Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Dietary Treatments

The effects of supplementation with three levels (5, 10 and 15% of DM offered) of dry leucaena on the voluntary intake and digestion of rice straw by sheep were studied. These effects were compared with those of a supplement of urea and sulfate. In all cases, the rice straw was supplemented with minerals.Total dry matter intake (DMI) increased linearly with the level of leucaena, but there was no affect on intake of straw. Nor did supplementation with urea and sulfate affect straw intake. Neither of these supplements affected the apparent digestibility of organic matter (OM).There were significant linear relationships between DM1 and the amounts of total digesta or DM in the reticulo-rumen (RR). The amount of non-ammonia nitrogen (NAN) in the RR also increased with the amount of leucaena offered, as did the concentration of ammonia N in rumen fluid.While the flows of digesta constituents increased linearly with the amount of leucaena in the diet, there were no significant effects of dietary treatments on the fractional outflow rates of NDF from the RR. The fractional digestion rates of NDF in the RR were also not affected by supplementation. The intake of nitrogen, the amount of crude protein apparently digested in the intestines (DCPi) and apparent nitrogen retention all increased with the amount of leucaena given. In contrast, supplementationwith urea and sulfate increased N intake, but DCPi was not increased to the same extent as with leucaena. The proportion of NAN flowing through the abomasum which was of microbial origin was lower (0.66 v. 0.73) when 15% leucaena was in the diet than with straw alone or straw plus urea and sulfate.

scholarly journals PSII-14 Effects of high protein DDGS in SFC or DRC-based diets on finishing performance of steers

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 225-226
Author(s):  
Lauren Ovinge ◽  
Henry Hilscher ◽  
Bradley M Boyd ◽  
Galen E Erickson
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Dried Distillers Grains ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Corn Processing ◽  
Treatment Design

Abstract The effect of high protein dried distillers grains plus solubles in steam flaked corn (SFC) or dry rolled corn (DRC)-based diets on finishing performance was evaluated. Crossbred steers (n = 360, 288 ± 0.54 kg) were blocked into 3 BW blocks and assigned randomly to one of 36 pens. The treatment design was a 2 × 3 factorial. One factor was SFC or DRC-based diets, and the other factor was a control with no DGS (CON), regularly produced DDGS (DDGS), or High Protein DDGS (HiPro) included at 30% in the diet (DM basis). Data were analyzed using MIXED procedure of SAS, with pen serving as the experimental unit. There was an interaction (P = 0.02) between distillers treatment and corn processing for G:F, as including DDGS in DRC diets increased G:F from 0.157 to 0.163, with no difference when using HiPro (P = 0.18; 0.161). In SFC-based diets, there was a tendency (P = 0.11) for DDGS and HiPro to reduce G:F from 0.175 in CON diets to 0.171 in both DDGS and HiPro. When including HiPro, G:F tended (P = 0.10) to decrease SFC-based diets, with no difference (P = 0.18) in DRC-based diets. Gain increased using either distillers source (P 0.01) compared to feeding CON, and tended (P = 0.10) to be greater for DDGS than HiPro. Dry matter intake was lower (P < 0.01) for cattle fed SFC-based diets than DRC-based diets, resulting in greater (P < 0.01) G:F. Carcass adjusted final body weights mimicked the response observed in ADG, as DDGS tended (P = 0.10) to have a greater final bodyweight than HiPro and both were heavier (P < 0.01) than CON. Including either DDGS or HiPro in DRC-based diets improved G:F, but including DDGS or HiPro in SFC-based diets had no impact on G:F.

THE EFFECT OF HARVESTING BEFORE AND AFTER FROST ON CORN SILAGE COMPOSITION, AND ITS INTAKE AND DIGESTIBILITY IN SHEEP

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 579-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. NARASIMHALU ◽  
R. P. WHITE ◽  
K. B. McRAE
Keyword(s):  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Magnesium Content ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Feed Value ◽  
Voluntary Intake

Early-maturing forage corn (Zea mays L.), DK-22, was harvested in Prince Edward Island twice, 3 and 6 wk before the occurrence of the first killing frost, and twice again, 2 and 4 wk after the first killing frost, and ensiled during each of the three experimental years. Each silage was fed to six sheep in order to measure voluntary intake and digestibility. Magnesium content was severely reduced by ensiling fresh forage from prefrost harvest. The postfrost silages were drier and higher in pH than the other silages. Detergent fiber levels were lower in the prefrost than in the postfrost silages (P < 0.05). Intake was slightly higher for prefrost silages and this was significant in the third year (P < 0.05). The depression in digestibility between prefrost and postfrost silages was highest for nitrogen. Using digestible dry matter intake as a measure of feed value, the silage harvested in mid-September was assigned a relative feed value of 100, and by comparison, the two postfrost silages were 16 and 34% lower in feed value, respectively.Key words: Relative feed value, forage quality, frosted crop

A study of factors affecting the voluntary intake of food by cattle

1969 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. McCullough
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Long Form ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Net Energy Intake ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Gut Fill

SUMMARYSix diets providing ratios of concentrate to hay of 100 : 0, 95 : 5, 90 : 10, 80 : 20, 70 : 30 and 60 : 40 were given ad libitum to 24 British Friesian steers. The hay (in the long form) was offered separately from the concentrates. From 91 to 136 kg live weight, as the proportion of hay in the diet increased, daily dry-matter intake decreased. Over the weight range, 136 to 363 kg live weight, the addition of small amounts of hay to the concentrate diet caused an increase in intake. At 42 weeks of age a digestibility trial was carried out. Daily drymatter intake was maximal when the diet contained 80% concentrates. The apparent digestibility and mean retention time of the diets increased as the proportion of concentrates increased. Differences in estimated gut fill were not significant. The diet consisting of concentrate only resulted in the lowest concentration of acetic acid and the highest concentration of propionic and butyric acids in the rumen liquor. Net-energy intake tended to increase as the proportion of concentrates increased from 60 to 90% but then remained fairly constant.

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