Geographic variation in development time and predation in the tree-hole mosquito, Toxorhynchites rutilus septentrionalis (Diptera: Culicidae)

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (10) ◽  
pp. 2156-2165 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Trimble ◽  
Stephen M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Development Time ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Emergence Success ◽  
Tree Hole ◽  
Daily Rate ◽  
Proportional Increase ◽  
Laboratory Colonies ◽  
Toxorhynchites Rutilus ◽  
Biological Differences

In laboratory colonies of a northern (Newark, DE) and southern (Lake Charles, LA) population of Tx. r. septentrionalis the proportional increase or decrease in total development time with changes in temperature did not vary significantly. Between 13 and 27 °C, development of the third- and fourth-instar larvae, pupae, and preadults was completed more rapidly in the Delaware population. By contrast, Louisiana eggs embryonated more rapidly than Delaware eggs. Survival from the first instar to adult emergence was similar in both populations between 13 and 29 °C; however, all Louisiana larvae that pupated also emerged, whereas the emergence success of Delaware pupae declined with each 2 °C decrease in temperature between 23 and 13 °C. Louisiana larvae consumed more prey during development because they took longer to develop and because their daily rate of prey consumption was greater than that of Delaware larvae. Louisiana larvae partly consumed and killed without consuming more prey during development. These differences are discussed in relation to climatological and possible biological differences in the environments from which each population was derived.

scholarly journals Is High Whitefly Abundance on Cassava in Sub-Saharan Africa Driven by Biological Traits of a Specific, Cryptic Bemisia tabaci Species?

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 260
Author(s):  
Habibu Mugerwa ◽  
Peter Sseruwagi ◽  
John Colvin ◽  
Susan Seal
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Bemisia Tabaci ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Biological Traits ◽  
Population Development ◽  
Species Classification ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Sub Saharan

In East Africa, the prevalent Bemisia tabaci whiteflies on the food security crop cassava are classified as sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) species. Economically damaging cassava whitefly populations were associated with the SSA2 species in the 1990s, but more recently, it has been to SSA1 species. To investigate whether biological traits (number of first instar nymphs, emerged adults, proportion of females in progeny and development time) of the cassava whitefly species are significant drivers of the observed field abundance, our study determined the development of SSA1 sub-group (SG) 1 (5 populations), SG2 (5 populations), SG3 (1 population) and SSA2 (1 population) on cassava and eggplant under laboratory conditions. SSA1-(SG1-SG2) and SSA2 populations’ development traits were similar. Regardless of the host plant, SSA1-SG2 populations had the highest number of first instar nymphs (60.6 ± 3.4) and emerged adults (50.9 ± 3.6), followed by SSA1-SG1 (55.5 ± 3.2 and 44.6 ± 3.3), SSA2 (45.8 ± 5.7 and 32.6 ± 5.1) and the lowest were SSA1-SG3 (34.2 ± 6.1 and 32.0 ± 7.1) populations. SSA1-SG3 population had the shortest egg–adult emergence development time (26.7 days), followed by SSA1-SG1 (29.1 days), SSA1-SG2 (29.6 days) and SSA2 (32.2 days). Regardless of the whitefly population, development time was significantly shorter on eggplant (25.1 ± 0.9 days) than cassava (34.6 ± 1.0 days). These results support that SSA1-(SG1-SG2) and SSA2 B. tabaci can become highly abundant on cassava, with their species classification alone not correlating with observed abundance and prevalence.

Geographic variation in the effects of temperature and photoperiod on dormancy induction, development time, and predation in the tree-hole mosquito, Toxorhynchites rutilus septentrionalis (Diptera: Culicidae)

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (8) ◽  
pp. 1612-1618 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Trimble ◽  
Stephen M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Photoperiodic Response ◽  
Prey Consumption ◽  
Northern Population ◽  
Tree Hole ◽  
Critical Daylength ◽  
Laboratory Colonies ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Toxorhynchites Rutilus ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Dormancy Induction

Critical daylength for dormancy induction was similar for laboratory colonies of a northern (Delaware) and a southern (Louisiana) population of Toxorhynchites rutilus septentrionalis. The threshold daylength for dormancy induction was greater in the northern population and the photoperiodic response of the northern population was less affected by high temperature.Although photoperiod did not affect the duration of preadult development in the southern population, the duration of preadult development of the northern population varied in a nonlinear fashion with photoperiod at 27 °C and increased with decreasing daylength at 19 °C.The duration of the third instar was consistently longer in dormant than in active larvae of both populations.The pattern of prey consumption during larval development was similar in dormant and active larvae. Prey consumption terminated 24 h prior to pupation in active larvae; dormant larvae continued to feed at a low rate. Similar numbers of prey were consumed during development by active and dormant larvae.The differences in the biologies of the two populations are discussed in relation to climatological differences in the environments from which each population was derived.

scholarly journals Insecticide resistance exerts significant fitness costs in immature stages of Anopheles gambiae in western Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joyce K. Osoro ◽  
Maxwell G. Machani ◽  
Eric Ochomo ◽  
Christine Wanjala ◽  
Elizabeth Omukunda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Fitness Cost ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Fitness Costs ◽  
Western Kenya ◽  
First Instar

Abstract Background Despite increasing documentation of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors against public health insecticides in sub-Saharan Africa, there is a paucity of information on the potential fitness costs of pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors, which is important in improving the current resistant management strategies. This study aimed to assess the fitness cost effects of insecticide resistance on the development and survival of immature Anopheles gambiae from western Kenya. Methods Two-hour old, first instar larvae (L1) were introduced and raised in basins containing soil and rainwater in a semi-field set-up. Each day the number of surviving individuals per larval stage was counted and their stage of development were recorded until they emerged as adults. The larval life-history trait parameters measured include mean larval development time, daily survival and pupal emergence. Pyrethroid-resistant colony of An. gambiae sensu stricto and susceptible colony originating from the same site and with the same genetic background were used. Kisumu laboratory susceptible colony was used as a reference. Results The resistant colony had a significantly longer larval development time through the developmental stages than the susceptible colony. The resistant colony took an average of 2 days longer to develop from first instar (L1) to fourth instar (L4) (8.8 ± 0.2 days) compared to the susceptible colony (6.6 ± 0.2 days). The development time from first instar to pupa formation was significantly longer by 3 days in the resistant colony (10.28 ± 0.3 days) than in susceptible colony (7.5 ± 0.2 days). The time from egg hatching to adult emergence was significantly longer for the resistant colony (12.1 ± 0.3 days) than the susceptible colony (9.6 ± 0.2 days). The pupation rate (80%; 95% (CI: 77.5–83.6) vs 83.5%; 95% (CI: 80.6–86.3)) and adult emergence rate (86.3% vs 92.8%) did not differ between the resistant and susceptible colonies, respectively. The sex ratio of the females to males for the resistant (1:1.2) and susceptible colonies (1:1.07) was significantly different. Conclusion The study showed that pyrethroid resistance in An. gambiae had a fitness cost on their pre-imaginal development time and survival. Insecticide resistance delayed the development and reduced the survivorship of An. gambiae larvae. The study findings are important in understanding the fitness cost of insecticide resistance vectors that could contribute to shaping resistant management strategies.

Lower temperature threshold of black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) development

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 255-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.A. Holmes ◽  
S.L. VanLaerhoven ◽  
J.K. Tomberlin
Keyword(s):  
Development Time ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Temperature Threshold ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Emergence Success ◽  
Lower Temperature Threshold ◽  
Lower Temperature

The black soldier fly has shown great promise in addressing two environmental concerns: (1) waste management; and (2) protein supplementation for use as feed for livestock, poultry, and aquaculture. Thus, tremendous efforts have been placed on mass-production of the black soldier fly. Currently, little is known about the thermal tolerance limits of black soldier fly eggs and immatures. The objective of this study was to determine the lower temperature threshold for black soldier fly development. Development time, egg eclosion and adult emergence success were measured at 12, 16 and 19 °C. We determined that the lower threshold for egg hatch was between 12 and 16 °C, taking 15 days to hatch. Furthermore, we determined that the lower temperature threshold for larvae is between 16 and 19 °C with egg hatch in 7.75 days at 19 °C. Mean development time from egg to adult at 19 °C was 72 days.

scholarly journals Insecticide Resistance Exerts Significant Fitness Costs in Immature Stages of Anopheles Gambiae in Western Kenya.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joyce K Osoro ◽  
Maxwell Gesuge Machani ◽  
Eric Ochomo ◽  
Christine Wanjala ◽  
Elizabeth Omukunda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Fitness Cost ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Fitness Costs ◽  
Western Kenya ◽  
First Instar

Abstract Background: Despite increasing documentation of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors against public health insecticides in sub-Saharan Africa, there is a paucity of information on the potential fitness costs of pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors which is important in improving the current resistant management strategies. This study aimed to assess the fitness cost effects of insecticide resistance on the development and survival of immature Anopheles gambiae from western Kenya.Method: Two-hour old first instar larvae (L1) were introduced and raised in basins containing soil and rainwater in a semi-field setup. Each day the number of surviving individuals per larval stage was counted and their stage of development were recorded until they emerged as adults. The larval life history trait parameters measured include mean larval development time, daily survival and pupal emergence. Pyrethroid selected resistant colony of An. gambiae s.s and unselected colony originating from the same site and with same genetic background were used. Kisumu laboratory susceptible colony was used as a reference.Results: The selected resistant colony had a significantly longer larval development time through the developmental stages than the unselected susceptible colony. The selected colony took an average of 2 days longer to develop from first instar (L1) to fourth instar (L4) (8.8 ± 0.2 days) compared to unselected colony (6.6 ± 0.2 days). The development time from first instar to pupa formation was significantly longer by 3 days in the selected colony (10.28 ± 0.3 days) than in unselected colony (7 ± 0.2 days). The time from egg hatching to adult emergence was significantly longer for the selected colony (12.1 ± 0.3 days) than the unselected colony (9.2 ± 0.2 days). The pupation rate (80%; 95% [CI: 77.5-83.6] vs 83.5%; 95% [CI: 80.6-86.3]) and adult emergence rate (86.3% vs 92.5%) did not differ between the selected and unselected colonies respectively. The sex ratio of the females to males for the selected (1:1.21) and unselected colonies (1:1.07) was significantly different.Conclusion: The study showed that pyrethroid resistance in An. gambiae had a fitness cost on their pre-imaginal development time and survival. Insecticide resistance delayed the development and reduced the survivorship of An. gambiae larvae. The study findings are important in understanding the fitness cost of insecticide resistance vectors that could contribute to shaping resistant management strategies.

Comparison of egg size and related life-history characteristics for two predaceous tree-hole mosquitoes (Toxorhynchites)

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (11) ◽  
pp. 2065-2070 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Lamb ◽  
S. M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Egg Size ◽  
Prey Size ◽  
Prey Availability ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Life History Characteristics ◽  
Tree Hole ◽  
Toxorhynchites Rutilus

Certain life-history characteristics of Toxorhynchites brevipalpis and Tx. rutilus septentrionalis were compared in the laboratory with the aim of accounting for a more than twofold difference in the weight of their eggs. First- and second-instar larvae of Tx. rutilus were longer and third-instar larvae shorter than corresponding stages of Tx. brevipalpis. The sizes of the two species did not differ appreciably in the later stages. Toxorhynchites rutilus first-instar larvae consumed more prey but total prey consumption was much greater for Tx. brevipalpis due to differences in consumption during the fourth instar. Developmental times from egg to adult did not differ at 25 °C. Toxorhynchites brevipalpis produced twice as many eggs per day during the first 14 days of oviposition but, due to size differences, the weight of the eggs produced per day was equal for the two species. Female Tx. brevipalpis laid an average of 5.9 eggs per oviposition flight. A corresponding value for Tx. rutilus was not determined. Newly hatched Tx. brevipalpis larvae withstood starvation for a longer period of time than Tx. rutilus larvae. Larval Tx. rutilus captured and consumed larger prey.It is hypothesized that egg size and fecundity are adapted to prey size and heterogeneity in prey availability in the natural environments of the two species.

Comparative performance and digestive physiology of Diaphania indica (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on Trichosanthes anguina (Cucurbitaceae) cultivars

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (6) ◽  
pp. 756-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul Debnath ◽  
Syed Husne Mobarak ◽  
Paroma Mitra ◽  
Anandamay Barik
Keyword(s):  
Development Time ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Reproductive Rate ◽  
Intrinsic Rate Of Increase ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Comparative Performance ◽  
Net Reproductive Rate ◽  
Diaphania Indica ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Proteolytic Activities

AbstractDiaphania indica (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is an important phytophagous pest of Trichosanthes anguina L. in India. We studied life table parameters by age-stage, two-sex, amylolytic and proteolytic activities, and food utilization parameters of D. indica on the leaves of three T. anguina cultivars (Baruipur Long, Polo No. 1 and MNSR-1). Further, nutrients (total carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, amino acids and nitrogen) and antinutrients (total phenols, flavonols and tannins) in leaves were determined. The development time (egg to adult emergence) was the shortest on MNSR-1 (19.79 d) and the longest on Polo No. 1 (25.72 d). Fecundity was the highest and lowest on MNSR-1 (259 eggs) and Polo No. 1 (151.22 eggs), respectively. The lowest intrinsic rate of increase (rm) and net reproductive rate (R0) of D. indica on Polo No. 1 were 0.1112 d−1 and 27.22 offspring individual−1, respectively. The mean generation time (T) was the shortest on MNSR-1 (23.99 days) and the longest on Polo No. 1 (29.70 d). The larvae of D. indica fed with MNSR-1 had the highest level of amylolytic and proteolytic activities, and the lowest activities were in the larvae fed with Polo No. 1. The fifth-instar larvae fed with Polo No. 1 had the lowest consumption index and growth rate. The higher larval development time and lower fecundity of D. indica on Polo No. 1 were due to the lower level of nutrients and a higher level of antinutrients than other cultivars. Our results concluded that Polo No. 1 cultivar could be suggested for cultivation.

Life-History Data of a Mexican Population of Triatoma nitida (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Alejandro Martínez-Ibarra ◽  
Tzintli Meraz-Medina ◽  
Benjamin Nogueda-Torres ◽  
María E Villagrán-Herrera ◽  
Jose A de Diego-Cabrera
Keyword(s):  
Adult Development ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Onset Time ◽  
Vectorial Capacity ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Life History Data ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Surveillance Programs ◽  
Blood Meals ◽  
Observation Period

Abstract This study reports the third collection of Triatoma nitida Usinger in Mexico, with a brief description of the collection area and an investigation of parameters related to its vectorial capacity. Whether a triatomine (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) species is a primary or secondary vector is determined by factors that include vectorial capacity, anthropophilic habits, geographic distribution, and capacity to invade and colonize human dwellings. However, when the primary vectors are removed, secondary vectors, such as T. nitida, can become important transmitters of Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas to humans. To estimate the vectorial capacity of T. nitida, the egg-to-adult development time, number of blood meals required to molt to the adult stage, accumulative mortality, onset time for feeding, and feeding and defecation times were examined. Triatoma nitida (n = 100) required a median of 590 d to complete its development time, with a median of 31 blood meals. Almost half (46.5%) of the nymphs died during the cycle. The onset of feeding time exceeded 5 min in all nymphal instars (except on fourth-instar) and adults and feeding times exceeded 22 min in all instars, except on first-instar nymphs. No defecation was observed for 65.6% (n = 383) of the triatomines during a 30-min observation period. Based on the six parameters, the vectorial capacity of T. nitida should be considered as low. However, surveillance programs should include this species because the potential importance of T. nitida as a vector has been demonstrated in other countries.

Superparasitism Occasionally Predisposes Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to Develop Gregariously in Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)1

2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Wellington Riddick
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Spodoptera Exigua ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Cotesia Marginiventris ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Emergence Rate ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae ◽  
Density Treatment

Experiments were designed to estimate the incidence of superparasitism of Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) and gregarious development of Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson). Dissections of host larvae revealed that superparasitism was common at all host densities (5, 10, or 20 larvae per 0.05 liter arena). At least two parasitoid eggs were present per host on day 1 after parasitoid oviposition; eggs were scarcely found on day 2 and never found on days 3, 4 or 5. More than one parasitoid first instar was present per host on day 2 at all densities, although more were found in hosts of the 5 density rather than the 20 density treatment. Second instars were present in hosts on days 3, 4 and 5, and at least one was present per host on day 5. Third instars (the final instar stage) were not present inside hosts by day 5. Rearing of host larvae demonstrated that gregarious development was rare, since less than 6% of parasitized hosts yielded two third instars that spun cocoons. Neither host density nor exposure time (24 h, 48 h) had an effect on the occurrence of gregarious development. The adult emergence rate was 64% and the sex ratio was male-biased for parasitoids that developed gregariously. The adult emergence rate was 73% and the sex ratio was unbiased for those that developed solitarily. This research suggests that superparasitism of hosts by C. marginiventris can occasionally predispose parasitoid larvae to develop gregariously. Frequent superparasitism of hosts may be detrimental to the long-term propagation of C. marginiventris.

Growth and development of larvae and adults of Tipula sacra Alexander (Insecta: Diptera) in a series of abandoned beaver ponds

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Pritchard
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Life History ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Head Capsule ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Beaver Ponds ◽  
The Third ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Two Peaks

Collections of all stages of the crane fly, Tipula sacra have been made over a period of years from a series of abandoned beaver ponds in the Kananaskis Valley, Alberta. The growth of larvae was followed by head-capsule measurements and weights. Eggs hatch within a month; first-instar larvae grow rapidly and enter the second instar after a few weeks. The second instar may last for 3 months and the third instar usually lasts for 6 months, including the first winter. Most larvae spend almost a full year in the fourth instar and overwinter for a second time. However, there was much variation in growth rate within the population. Adult emergence curves were consistent in form in 4 years. Each spanned a period of just over 2 months, although individual adults lived for only a few days. These curves snowed two peaks, the second of which contained 15–20% of the year's emergents. These two groups may represent different cohorts that have grown at different rates, suggesting that the life history may be semivoltine or univoltine. The sex ratio changes from about 1:1 in the third instar to 2:1 in favor of males in the late fourth instar, pupa, and adult.

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