Crenosoma spp. (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea) from black bears, Ursus americanus, of central Ontario

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (9) ◽  
pp. 1993-1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward M. Addison
Keyword(s):  
Ursus Americanus ◽  
Black Bear ◽  
Black Bears ◽  
Crenosoma Vulpis ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship

Crenosoma vulpis (Dujardin 1844) Railliet 1915, Crenosoma petrowi Morozov 1939, and Crenosoma potos Buckley 1930 are redescribed from the lungs of black bear, Ursus americanus, of central Ontario. A telamon is described in each species for the first time. The relationship between C. petrowi and Crenosoma schulzi Gagarin 1958 is discussed.

scholarly journals Behavior in Free-Living American Black Bear Dens: Parturition, Maternal Care, and Cub Behavior

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1123
Author(s):  
Lynn L. Rogers ◽  
Linda McColley ◽  
Janet Dalton ◽  
Jim Stroner ◽  
Douglas Hajicek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ursus Americanus ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Black Bear ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Black Bears ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
American Black Bear ◽  
Eye Opening ◽  
American Black

Denning behavior has long remained the least observed aspect of bear behavior. During 2010–2013, we used webcams, microphones, the internet, and 14,602 h of archived video to document the denning behaviors of two adult wild black bears (Ursus americanus) as they gave birth and cared for four litters through six winters in northeastern Minnesota. Observations included types of dens, labor, pre-parturient genital swelling, birthing positions, post-partum vocalizations, mothers removing amniotic tissues and warming newborn cubs in sub-freezing temperatures, frequency of nursing, cubs establishing nipple order, yearlings suckling, the ingestion of snow and icicles, the ingestion of foot pads, urination and defecation in latrine areas, toilet-licking, eye opening, reciprocal tongue-licking, play, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and possible dreaming, and reactions to wildlife intruders. The use of this new method for observing natural bear dens allowed the identification of many behaviors undescribed for any species of wild bear in dens. We also discuss the need for future studies and how the depth and duration of black bear hibernation varies with body condition and geographic region.

A study of predominant aerobic microflora of black bears (Ursus americanus) and grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in northwestern Alberta

1987 ◽  
Vol 33 (11) ◽  
pp. 949-954 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Goatcher ◽  
M. W. Barrett ◽  
R. N. Coleman ◽  
A. W. L. Hawley ◽  
A. A. Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Soil Bacteria ◽  
Ursus Arctos ◽  
Random Distribution ◽  
Ursus Americanus ◽  
Black Bear ◽  
Black Bears ◽  
Grizzly Bears ◽  
Grizzly Bear ◽  
Streptococcus Species ◽  
Generic Composition

Swab specimens were obtained from nasal, rectal, and preputial or vaginal areas of 37 grizzly and 17 black bears, captured during May to June of 1981 to 1983, to determine the types and frequency of predominant aerobic microflora. Bacterial genera most frequently isolated from bears were Escherichia, Citrobacter, Hafnia, Proteus, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus species, comprising about 65% of the isolates. Erwinia, Xanthomonas, Agrobacterium, Rhizobium, and Gluconobacter/Acetobacter were also isolated but at lower frequencies (< 5%). Comparison of bacterial generic composition using similarity quotient values showed no appreciable differences between grizzly and black bear flora. Also, no outstanding differences in bacterial generic composition were observed among grizzly bear samples; however, differences were noted among black bear samples. Fungal genera most commonly encountered included Cryptococcus, Rhodotorula, Cladosporium, Penicillium, Sporobolomyces, and Candida. In general, the microflora of both bear types were marked by generic diversity and random distribution. The majority of microorganisms isolated from the plant samples in the study area were also found in bear samples. This observation and the presence of certain water and soil bacteria in samples from bears suggest that the predominant microflora of both grizzly and black bears were transient and probably influenced by their foraging habits and surrounding environments.

The field energetics of winter-dormant black bear (Ursus americanus) in northeastern Minnesota

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (10) ◽  
pp. 2095-2103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert K. Maxwell ◽  
Jeffrey Thorkelson ◽  
Lynn L. Rogers ◽  
Robert B. Brander
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Ursus Americanus ◽  
Heat Budget ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Black Bear ◽  
Oblate Spheroid ◽  
Black Bears ◽  
Protein Catabolism ◽  
Winter Climate ◽  
Internal Sources

Black bears (Ursus americanus) can spend half of their lives in a severe winter climate using only internal sources of energy and exchanging energy only as heat with their external environment. This paper presents the energy requirement to maintain a bear, and the magnitude of the heat transfer pathways to the bear's surroundings. Flux rate densities of the heat budget were measured for two denning black bears. It was found that the surface area of an oblate spheroid simulating the shape of the curled-up bears balanced the budgets. From these data a simulated bear–den system was constructed for a 75-kg animal: a fur-covered spheroid that was electrically heated and maintained at 36 °C. The energy requirement and heat transport were measured through the skin and in the den over winter, as was the oxygen consumption of a live bear in a similar den nearby. Over a 145-day denning period, mass loss due to fat catabolism would have ranged between 24 and 28% for the simulated bear with the entrance sealed or open, respectively. Using the amount of oxygen consumed and holding body water constant, the mass loss of the live bear over the same period would have been 19% if just fat had been catabolized. However, additional protein catabolism near the end of the denning period caused the loss to increase to 31%, primarily through urination. Once net protein catabolism began, dehydration and not starvation became life threatening.

Food habits and nutrition of black bears during a gypsy moth infestation

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (9) ◽  
pp. 1771-1775 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Kasbohm ◽  
James G. Kraus ◽  
Michael R. Vaughan
Keyword(s):  
Gypsy Moth ◽  
Food Habits ◽  
National Park ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Ursus Americanus ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Black Bear ◽  
Black Bears ◽  
Phytolacca Americana ◽  
Shenandoah National Park

During 1988–1991 we determined food habits and indices of diet quality for a black bear (Ursus americanus) population in Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, experiencing a severe gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) defoliation event, and compared the results with data collected prior to defoliation (1982–1984). Gypsy moth infestation resulted in extensive summer overstory canopy loss and a complete acorn failure in affected areas. As in predefoliation years, analysis of scats collected during defoliation indicated that bears ate primarily herbaceous vegetation in spring, followed by squawroot (Canopholis americana) and fruits of black and sweet cherry (Prunus serotina and P. avium) in summer. However, in early and late fall bears switched from consuming predominantly acorns before defoliation to pokeweed (Phytolacca americana) berries and grapes (Vitis spp.), respectively, during defoliation. Despite acorn loss, no decline in dietary nutritional quality was observed in comparisons of the percentages of crude protein, crude fat, and crude fiber in seasonal diets before and during defoliation. When it is available, bears can successfully exploit soft mast as a fall food source and do not necessarily experience a substantial reduction in food quality if acorn crops fail.

Spring diet of American black bears (Ursus americanus) in a moose (Alces alces) – woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) system in northern Ontario, Canada

2021 ◽  
pp. 721-728
Author(s):  
A.A.D. McLaren ◽  
S.E. Jamieson ◽  
M. Bond ◽  
A.R. Rodgers ◽  
B.R. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Ursus Americanus ◽  
Alces Alces ◽  
Black Bear ◽  
Black Bears ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus Caribou ◽  
Woodland Caribou ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
American Black ◽  
American Black Bears

American black bears (Ursus americanus Pallas, 1780) are opportunistic foragers, and across most of their range in North America, their diet is predominantly vegetation with limited consumption of vertebrates and invertebrates. However, they are also predators of ungulates, especially neonates, with regional variation in the amount of predation pressure they exert. We used scat analysis to examine the diet of black bears during the calving season in a moose (Alces alces (Linnaeus, 1758)) – woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou (Gmelin, 1788)) system in the Boreal forest of northern Ontario, Canada. Bears consumed herbaceous plants (46.5%), fruits and (or) seeds (20.0%), moose (3.3% adults; 4.3% calves), American beaver (Castor canadensis Kuhl, 1820; 8.5%), and insects (mostly ants; 4.2%). Bears had the highest consumption of moose and beaver in early spring, before switching to a more vegetation-dominated diet. We did not detect evidence of caribou consumption. Based on our results, black bear consumption of moose, particularly neonates, may warrant further investigation.

scholarly journals Temporal variation in food habits of the American Black Bear (Ursus americanus) in the boreal forest of northern Ontario

2013 ◽  
Vol 127 (2) ◽  
pp. 118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derrick A. Romain ◽  
Martyn E. Obbard ◽  
James L. Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Variation ◽  
Food Habits ◽  
Ursus Americanus ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Black Bear ◽  
Black Bears ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
American Black Bear ◽  
American Black ◽  
American Black Bears

We used scat analysis to investigate temporal variation in the food habits of American Black Bears (Ursus americanus) in the boreal forest of northern Ontario. Specifically, we examined whether there was a seasonal shift in foraging over three years (1990–1992) and which foods, if any, varied in occurrence among years. American Black Bears ate foods ranging from green vegetation in the spring to ants in mid-summer and berries and nuts in late summer and fall. Late summer berry forage, especially blueberries (Vaccinium spp.), varied greatly among years. American Black Bears in northern Ontario consumed a variety of foods opportunistically. Understanding how American Black Bears in northern Ontario exploit food resources and how these food items vary among years can provide insights into demographic processes and help wildlife managers better anticipate changes in the structure of the harvest of American Black Bears and in human–bear conflict levels. In northern Ontario, forest management practices that increase the availability of early successional species would be beneficial to American Black Bear populations.

Helminth and arthropod parasites of black bear, Ursus americanus, in central Ontario

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (10) ◽  
pp. 2122-2126 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Addison ◽  
M. J. Pybus ◽  
H. J. Rietveld
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Ursus Americanus ◽  
Black Bear ◽  
Host Record ◽  
Black Bears ◽  
New Host ◽  
New Host Record ◽  
Baylisascaris Transfuga

One hundred and forty-eight black bears (Ursus americanus) from central Ontario, Canada, were examined for parasites between 1975and 1977. Nine species of helminths and two species of ectoparasites were recovered: Taenia krabbei Moniez, 1879 in 2 of 83 bears; Alaria americana Hall and Wigdor, 1918 in 1 of 83; Baylisascaris transfuga (Rudolphi 1819) in 20 of 83; Crenosoma spp. (C. petrowi Morozov, 1939, C. potos Buckley, 1930, and C. vulpis (Dujardin 1844)) in 21 of 64; Dirofilaria ursi Yamaguti, 1941 in 140 of 148; Physaloptera rara Hall and Wigdor, 1918 in 1 of 83; Trichinella sp. in 1 of 59; Oropsylla arctomys (Baker) on 1 of 5; and Trichodectes pinguis euarctidos Hopkins on 1 of 5 bears. The data are discussed in relation to previous records of parasites within central Ontario and previous reports of parasites of bears. Alaria americana is considered a new host record for North American ursids.

scholarly journals Methods for Capturing Free-Ranging Black Bears, Ursus americanus, in Difficult Locations

2003 ◽  
Vol 117 (4) ◽  
pp. 621 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Ursus Americanus ◽  
Black Bear ◽  
Black Bears ◽  
Chemical Immobilization ◽  
Free Ranging

Long-term research or monitoring studies involving radiomarked Black Bears (Ursus americanus) conducted in areas with high human and road densities may require that radiocollars be replaced or bears recaptured for other purposes. The use of trained bear hounds is particularly suited to recapturing specific bears. However, in certain situations, hounds may not be used safely or bears may seek refuge in difficult locations. Effectiveness of two methods to capture bears via remote darting and chemical immobilization are described: (1) stalking and rushing females with cubs; and (2) allowing treed bears to descend. Both methods rely on assumptions about Black Bear behavior. Nine captures of eight individual bears are discussed; one bear drowned after being immobilized, and all others survived >5 months after capture.

scholarly journals Wild black bears harbor simple gut microbial communities with little difference between the jejunum and colon

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sierra J. Gillman ◽  
Erin A. McKenney ◽  
Diana J. R. Lafferty
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Ursus Americanus ◽  
Black Bear ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Black Bears ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Number Of Bacteria

AbstractThe gut microbiome (GMB), comprising the commensal microbial communities located in the gastrointestinal tract, has co-evolved in mammals to perform countless micro-ecosystem services to facilitate physiological functions. Because of the complex inter-relationship between mammals and their gut microbes, the number of studies addressing the role of the GMB on mammalian health is almost exclusively limited to human studies and model organisms. Furthermore, much of our knowledge of wildlife–GMB relationships is based on studies of colonic GMB communities derived from the feces of captive specimens, leaving our understanding of the GMB in wildlife limited. To better understand wildlife–GMB relationships, we engaged hunters as citizen scientists to collect biological samples from legally harvested black bears (Ursus americanus) and used 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to characterize wild black bear GMB communities in the colon and jejunum, two functionally distinct regions of the gastrointestinal tract. We determined that the jejunum and colon of black bears do not harbor significantly different GMB communities: both gastrointestinal sites were dominated by Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. However, a number of bacteria were differentially enriched in each site, with the colon harboring twice as many enriched taxa, primarily from closely related lineages.

Black Bears and the Iroquoians

Bears ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 138-159
Author(s):  
Christian Gates St-Pierre ◽  
Claire St-Germain ◽  
Louis-Vincent Laperrière-Désorcy
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Ursus Americanus ◽  
Black Bear ◽  
Black Bears ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Northeastern North America ◽  
Projectile Points ◽  
Economic Role ◽  
Faunal Assemblages

The study presented in this chapter uses archaeological and ethnohistorical data to discuss the role of black bears (Ursus americanus) among Pre-Contact Iroquoian societies from Northeastern North America. This role is proving to be complex and multifaceted, and the analysis of the archaeological and ethnohistorical records provide contradictory conclusions. According to the ethnohistorical documents considered in this study, black bear appears to be predominantly mentioned in subsistence and hunting contexts. In contrast, bones from black bear have been identified in a majority of Iroquoian faunal assemblages, but always in small numbers, indicating a ubiquitous, yet minor role for black bear in Pre-Contact Iroquoian foodways. Moreover, ethnonyms, myths, and legends also suggest that the symbolic and identity dimensions of black bear outweighed their economic role. The results of the ZooMS analysis of a set of Iroquoian bone projectile points is especially revealing in this respect.

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