Biochemical relationships of the Holarctic vole genera (Clethrionomys, Microtus, and Arvicola (Rodentia: Arvicolinae))

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (7) ◽  
pp. 1564-1575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles F. Nadler ◽  
N. M. Zhurkevich ◽  
Robert S. Hoffmann ◽  
A. I. Kozlovskii ◽  
Ljerka Deutsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microtus Ochrogaster ◽  
Clethrionomys Gapperi ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Clethrionomys Rufocanus ◽  
Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
Interspecific Comparisons ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Clethrionomys Rutilus ◽  
Reference Samples

Transferrin (Tf), hemoglobin (Hgb), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGH), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) were examined by starch-gel electrophoresis in Holarctic Microtus oeconomus and Clethrionomys rutilus, Siberian Microtus hyperboreus and Clethrionomys rufocanus, and North American Microtus miurus, Microtus ochrogaster, Microtus pennsylvanicus, Arvicola richardsoni, and Clethrionomys gapperi. Thirty alleles of five to seven loci, the number depending on the presence or absence of one or two minor hemoglobin fractions, were identified in these species. Interspecific comparisons were based on the presence of at least one allele shared in common at the various loci. The closest biochemical resemblances occurred between populations of Holarctic M. oeconomus and C. rutilus. Clethrionomys gapperi and C. rutilus were quite similar but C. rufocanus was divergent. Observed resemblances between M. hyperboreus and M. miurus were not strong and do not support the inclusion of the former in the amphiberingian narrow-skulled vole group. Arvicola richardsoni, though seemingly close to M. pennsylvanicus, was quite divergent from all other species of Microtus at the LAP locus and warrants comparison with Palearctic Arvicola. Microtus ochrogaster and M. pennsylvanicus shared many similarities and served as reference samples.

Morphological and biochemical characterization of the trypanosomatids Crithidia desouzai and Herpetomonas anglusteri

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 571-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Cristina M. Motta ◽  
Antonio M. Sole Cava ◽  
Paulo M. F. Silva ◽  
João E. Fiorini ◽  
Maurílio J. Soares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Electrophoretic Study ◽  
Monophyletic Cluster ◽  
Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Unique Event ◽  
Enzyme Systems ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

Two species of trypanosomatids, Crithidia desouzai and Herpetomonas anglusteri, were recently isolated from Diptera in Minas Gerais, Brazil. The Crithidia species was found to harbor bacterium-like endosymbionts in the cytoplasm. To biochemically characterize these two species of trypanosomatids, and to try to verify the evolutionary meaning of the presence of endosymbionts, an electrophoretic study was undertaken whereby the two species were compared with eight other species in the same family. Horizontal 12.5% starch gel electrophoresis was used to resolve the isozymes of eight enzyme systems: acid phosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, hexokinase, malate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucose isomerase, and phosphoglucomutase. Ten other enzyme systems were assayed without yielding any reproducible activity. The isozymes observed were conservatively interpreted as being due to the activity of 44 different alleles. All species studied differed in at least one enzyme system. The phenetic (Jaccard similarity index, UPGMA grouping) analysis produced a tree in which the species of Crithidia and Herpetomonas clustered separately, forming monophyletic groupings. All the endosymbiont-bearing species formed a monophyletic cluster, indicating that the presence of bacterium-like endosymbionts may be a synapomorphy of that group, and may represent, therefore, a unique event in the evolution of the genus.

Enzyme variation in Eimeria species of the chicken

Parasitology ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Shirley
Keyword(s):  
Species Differences ◽  
Eimeria Species ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Glucose Phosphate ◽  
Parasite Stage ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
Biochemical Identification ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
First Time

A method for the biochemical identification of protozoa belonging to the genus Eimeria is described for the first time. Starch gel electrophoresis of the enzymes lactate dehydrogenase, glucose phosphate isomerase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from parasite extracts revealed both intra- and inter-species differences when 11 strains representative of 6 species of Eimeria were examined. Oocysts were the most accessible parasite stage for investigation but sporozoites and merozoites of an embryo-adapted strain of E. tenella were also examined for enzyme activity.

Enzyme variation in the Anopheles gambiae Giles group of species (Diptera: Culicidae)

1978 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Miles
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Lactic Dehydrogenase ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Malic Dehydrogenase ◽  
Glycerophosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae Giles ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

AbstractThe genotypes of chromosomally-identified individuals from natural populations of the known species of the group of Anopheles gambiae Giles were scored for the enzyme protein structural loci coding for adenylate kinase (Adk), α-naphthyl acetate esterase (Est-1, Est-2, Est-3), glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (Got), α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (αGpd), hexokinase (Hk), isocitric dehydrogenase (Idh), lactic dehydrogenase (Ldh), ‘leucine’ aminopeptidase (Lap-2), malic enzyme (Me), octanol dehydrogenase (Odh), phosphoglucomutase (Pgm-1, Pgm-2), 6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenase (6-Pgd), phosphohexose isomerase (Phi) and superoxide dismutase (Sod), following starch gel electrophoresis. In the material examined, Est-1, Est-2, Est-3, Got, ldh, Lap-2, Odh, Pgm-1, Pgm-2 and Sod were segregating for two or more alleles; unique alleles at the Est-1, Got and Sod loci produced species-specific phenotypes in A. melas (Theo.), species C and species D, respectively. The further sampling of A. merus Dön, populations supported the presence of a unique SOD phenotype by which this species can also be identified. Of the other enzyme systems examined, no activity following electrophoresis was detected for aldolase and fructose-1,6-diphosphatase, and the resolution of acid and alkaline phosphatase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic dehydrogenase and xanthine dehydrogenase was too poor under the particular electrophoretic conditions for genetic analyses of the enzyme phenotypes.

scholarly journals Identifying Crabapple Cultivars by Isozymes

1995 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. 706-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D. Marquard ◽  
Charlotte R. Chan
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Dehydrogenase ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Cultivar Identification ◽  
Enzyme System ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Shikimate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Polymorphic Region ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Starch Gel

Forty-five crabapple (Malus spp.) cultivars were evaluated for 16 isozyme systems by starch gel electrophoresis. Of the 16 systems evaluated, 6 were useful in separating among cultivars. Enzyme systems used to distinguish among the cultivars included alcohol dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, malate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucoisomerase, and shikimate dehydrogenase. Each enzyme system produced one well-resolved polymorphic region except for 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, which produced two. Most crabapple selections could be identified when all six enzymes were evaluated. Alcohol dehydrogenase had the most diagnostic banding patterns useful for cultivar identification.

scholarly journals Variation and Inheritance of Isozymes in Safflower

1994 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 624-628
Author(s):  
J. Carapetian ◽  
A. Estilai ◽  
A. Hashemi
Keyword(s):  
Triosephosphate Isomerase ◽  
Carthamus Tinctorius ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Intermediate Band ◽  
Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Hybrid Plants ◽  
Geographic Origins ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
Spring Type

To detect isozyme variation, leaf extracts of more than 460 plants from 20 safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) entries with diverse geographic origins were analyzed. Entries included seven Iranian spring-type selections, eight Iranian late rosette winter-type selections, four U.S. cultivars, and one Indian introduction. Starch gel electrophoresis produced distinct and repeatable banding patterns for nine of the 15 enzymes assayed. Five of these enzymes, aldolase (ALD, EC 4.1.2.13), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH, EC 2.7.5.1), malate dehydrogenase (MDH, EC 1.1.1.37), malic enzyme (ME, EC 1.1.1.40), and phosphoglucomutase (PGM, EC 2.7.5.1), were monomorphic. Menadione reductase (MR, EC 1.6.99.2), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGDH, EC 1.1.1.44), phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI, EC 5.3.1.9), and triosephosphate isomerase (TPI, EC 5.3.1.1) were polymorphic. 6-PGDH revealed an invariable cathodal and a variable anodal zone of activity. Crosses were made between appropriate parents and F1, BC1, and F2 progenies were generated for segregation analyses. Two multibanded phenotypes that bred true were observed for MR. Crosses between these types produced 7-banded F1 plants. F2 progenies segregated in parental and hybrid phenotypes in the expected 1:2:1 ratio. Both PGI and TPI showed one monomorphic and one polymorphic zone of activity. Segregation data indicated that Pgi-2 and Tpi-1 are monogenic and controlled by two codominant F and S alleles. The observation of the parental bands plus an intermediate band with a higher intensity in hybrid plants suggested that PGI and TPI act as dimeric enzymes in safflower. Isozyme genetic markers described in this study are useful tools for identification of hybrid individuals in this predominantly inbreeding species.

CONGENITAL NONSPHEROCYTIC HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA ASSOCIATED WITH ERYTHROCYTE GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY IN A NEGRO FAMILY

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 624-629
Author(s):  
Aaron Grossman ◽  
K. Ramanathan ◽  
Parvin Justice ◽  
Joan Gordon ◽  
Nasrollah T. Shahidi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Hemolytic Anemia ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Dehydrogenase Deficiency ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Negro Family ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
Normal Enzyme ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

This paper describes a Negro family with congenital nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia associated with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. All four affected males in this family showed a hemolytic anemia characterized by low hemoglobin, reticulocytosis, and jaundice. There was no detectable G-6-P D in the red cells and about a tenth of normal enzyme activity in the white cells. By starch gel electrophoresis, the G-6-P D was present as a single band which migrated at the rate of 104% of normal. Physico-chemical studies revealed a marked increase of the Michaelis constant for both G-6-P and TPN, a marked lability of the enzyme upon heating at 40°C and 48°C, and a single narrow peak at pH 9.0. Most of these features were similar to those seen in the Oklahoma I variant. Four of the females in the family were studied (two sisters, the mother, and a maternal aunt of the propositus); all showed a lesser degree of anemia and reticulocytosis but no jaundice, except in the mother. There was a decrease of haptoglobins and both the mother and one sister showed a decrease of erythrocyte survival time as measured by chromium-51. The female members had between 11 and 26% of normal G-6-P D activity in the red cells and between 35 and 63% of normal enzyme activity in the white cells. Starch gel electrophoresis in the mother and aunt showed a single band which migrated at 110% of normal with a trail at the position of the affected males. The presence of a milder degree of hemolysis in the heterozygous carriers of the gene for G-6-P D deficiency associated with congenital nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia provides further support for the Lyon hypothesis in man.

scholarly journals Inheritance of ADH, 6-PGDH, PGM, and SKDH in Allium fistulosum L.

1994 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul D. Mangum ◽  
Ellen B. Peffley
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Dehydrogenase ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Allium Fistulosum ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Shikimate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Enzyme Systems ◽  
Isozyme Loci ◽  
Starch Gel

Horizontal starch gel electrophoresis was used to study the inheritance of isozyme phenotypes of four enzyme systems [alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGDH), phosphoglucomutase (PGM), and shikimate dehydrogenase (SKDH)] in Allium fistulosum L. by monitoring segregations in backcross and F2 progeny. Segregation for most of the polymorphisms fit the expected Mendelian ratios as tested by the chi-square statistic. Three new isozyme loci were defined for onion. Two loci were found for 6-PGDH. Locus one was dimeric with two alleles, and locus two was monomorphic. SKDH was monomeric with two alleles.

Studies on enzyme variation in the murine malaria parasites Plasmodium berghei, P. yoelii, P. vinckei and P. chabaudi by starch gel electrophoresis

Parasitology ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Carter
Keyword(s):  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Enzyme Polymorphism ◽  
Genetic Constitution ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Malaria Parasites ◽  
Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Enzyme Variation ◽  
Starch Gel

SummaryElectrophoretic variation of the enzymes glucose phosphate isomerase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP-dependent) has been studied in the African murine malaria parasites Plasmodium berghei, P. yoelii, P. vinckei and P. chabaudi and their subspecies. Horizontal starch gel electrophoresis was used throughout. The number of isolates examined in each subspecies varied from 1 (P. y. nigeriensis) to 24 (P. c. chabaudi). Extensive enzyme variation was found among isolates of most of the subspecies from which more than two such isolates were available for study. It is clear that the phenomenon of enzyme polymorphism is of common occurrence among malaria parasites. With the exception of P. berghei and P. yoelii, of which all isolates share an identical electrophoretic form of lactate dehydrogenase, no enzyme forms are shared between any of the 4 species of murine plasmodia. By contrast, within each species common enzyme forms are shared among each of the subspecies. The subspecies are, nevertheless, distinguished from each other by the electrophoretic forms of at least one enzyme.The distribution and reassortment of enzyme variation among isolates of a single subspecies is in accordance with the concept of malaria parasites as sexually reproducing organisms. The study of variation among parasites present in individual wild-caught rodent hosts demonstrates that natural malarial infections usually comprise genetically heterogeneous populations of parasites. Nevertheless, the number of genetically distinct types of parasite of any one species present in a single infected host appears to be small. Generally not more than 2 or 3 clones of parasite of distinct genetic constitution are present in a single infected animal.

scholarly journals Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and sickle cell anemia: frequency and features of the association in an African community

Blood ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 591-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
U Bienzle ◽  
O Sodeinde ◽  
CE Effiong ◽  
L Luzzatto
Keyword(s):  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Sickle Cell Anemia ◽  
Dehydrogenase Deficiency ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
African Community ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

Abstract The glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) genotype was determined in 100 male patients with homozygous sickle cell anemia (SS) by a combination of quantitative assay, cytochemical testing, and starch-gel electrophoresis. Of the 100 patients tested, 16 were found to be G6PD deficient (GdA-), AND 84 G6PD normal (22GsA and 62 GdB). This distribution of G6PD genotypes did not differ significantly from that observed in the general population. The level of G6PD activity in GdA- SS patients was nearly always higher than in G6PD-deficient subjects who did not have an associated hemolytic state, but it was nearly always lower than in G6PD-normal subjects. The clinical course of sickle cell disease, including the degree of anemia, was not milder in GdA- than in G6PD-normal patients but could not be proved to be significantly more severe. It was concluded that in this community the incidence of G6PD deficiency in sickle cell anemia was not greater than would be expected by chance, and there was no evidence that the coexistence of the GdA- gene in SS patients ameliorated their disease.

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