Life cycle of Truttaedacnitis stelmioides (Vessichelli, 1910) (Nematoda: Cucullanidae) in American brook lamprey (Lampetra lamottenii)

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 1420-1429 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Pybus ◽  
L. S. Uhazy ◽  
R. C. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Field Data ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Immature Stage ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Suitable Host ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Newly Hatched Larvae ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Lamprey Species

Field data from two populations of Lampetra lamottenii (Lesueur, 1827) in Ontario, combined with informattion from experimental studies, have provided the following explanation of the transmission of Truttaedacnitis stelmioides (Vessichelli, 1910). Eggs hatch on the stream bed in spring and early summer. Newly hatched larvae are ingested by filter-feeding ammocoetes and remain in the intestine throughout the summer. After developing to the third stage, larvae migrate via the bile duct to cystic ducts of the liver where they remain in a state of arrested development for up to 4 years. During transformation of the host, third-stage larvae apparently moult at least once in the liver, reenter the intestine, and develop to maturity in transformers and adult lampreys. Eggs are released into the lamprey intestine and eventually passed from the anus. Transmission occurs mainly in early summer. Truttaedacnitis stelmioides never becomes encapsulated in the gut wall of L. lamottenii although it may in other lamprey species. Lampetra lamottenii may be the most suitable host among the lampreys. The biology of the parasite is closely linked to the metamorphosis and maturation of the lamprey. Other cucullanids may have a similar relationship with their hosts. Possibly the cucullanids are basically heteroxenous in that they use the immature stage of the host (e.g. the ammocoete) as an intermediate host.

Life cycle and seasonal dynamics of Cucullanus cirratus O.F. Müller, 1777 (Nematoda, Ascaridida, Seuratoidea, Cucullanidae) in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L.

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Køie
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Mature Adult ◽  
Pyloric Caeca ◽  
The Third ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Third Stage

Mature specimens of Cucullanus cirratus O.F. Müller, 1777 (Cucullanidae) were obtained from the pyloric caeca and intestine of Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L., from Danish waters. Eggs embryonate in seawater. Third-stage larvae about 400 µm long, with amphids and dereids, hatch from the egg. Experimental studies indicated that third-stage larvae were infective to calanoid and cyclopoid copepods and sand gobies, Pomatoschistus minutus (Pisces, Gobiidae). Larvae entered the haemocoel of copepods but did not grow. In gobies, the third-stage larvae entered the intestinal mucosa and grew to 800 µm in length within 6 months. They were not encapsulated. Experimental infections of cod (8-30 cm long) showed that free-living third-stage larvae are not infective, whereas >700 µm long third-stage larvae from gobies survived in the cod. Third-stage larvae 700-1200 µm long occur in the stomach mucosa, where they develop and moult to fourth-stage larvae. The fourth-stage larvae then migrate to the pyloric caeca and anterior part of the intestine, where they moult and develop to the mature adult stage. No developmental stage became encapsulated. Naturally infected cod (>20 cm total length) harboured moulting third-stage larvae and <2 mm long fourth-stage larvae 2 months post capture. Naturally infected 4- to 5-month-old codlings (8-10 cm total length) harboured 2-3 mm long fourth-stage larvae only, indicating that they acquired the third-stage larvae as planktivorous fry only a few centimetres long. Cucullanus cirratus may have a life-cycle that involves copepod transport hosts and fish (gobies or cod fry) intermediate hosts. Postcyclic development occurs in gadoids when an infected cod is consumed by another cod (cannibalism). Examinations of 350 (8-78 cm total length) naturally infected cod showed that group 1 and older cod are infected throughout the year, with maximum prevalence of third-stage larvae in spring and summer. The greatest prevalence of gravid worms was observed in autumn.

The Coherence of Mary Barton: Romance, Realism, and Utopia

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-200
Author(s):  
Robert Z. Birdwell
Keyword(s):  
Thomas Carlyle ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Mode Of Production

Critics have argued that Elizabeth Gaskell's first novel, Mary Barton (1848), is split by a conflict between the modes of realism and romance. But the conflict does not render the novel incoherent, because Gaskell surpasses both modes through a utopian narrative that breaks with the conflict of form and gives coherence to the whole novel. Gaskell not only depicts what Thomas Carlyle called the ‘Condition of England’ in her work but also develops, through three stages, the utopia that will redeem this condition. The first stage is romantic nostalgia, a backward glance at Eden from the countryside surrounding Manchester. The second stage occurs in Manchester, as Gaskell mixes romance with a realistic mode, tracing a utopian drive toward death. The third stage is the utopian break with romantic and realistic accounts of the Condition of England and with the inadequate preceding conceptions of utopia. This third stage transforms narrative modes and figures a new mode of production.

Bankruptcy Model Construction and its Limitation in Input Data Quality

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-125
Author(s):  
Dana Kubíčková ◽  
◽  
Vladimír Nulíček ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Data Quality ◽  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Model Construction ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Discriminant Analyses ◽  
One Year ◽  
The University ◽  
Multivariate Discriminant

The aim of the research project solved at the University of Finance and administration is to construct a new bankruptcy model. The intention is to use data of the firms that have to cease their activities due to bankruptcy. The most common method for bankruptcy model construction is multivariate discriminant analyses (MDA). It allows to derive the indicators most sensitive to the future companies’ failure as a parts of the bankruptcy model. One of the assumptions for using the MDA method and reassuring the reliable results is the normal distribution and independence of the input data. The results of verification of this assumption as the third stage of the project are presented in this article. We have revealed that this assumption is met only in a few selected indicators. Better results were achieved in the indicators in the set of prosperous companies and one year prior the failure. The selected indicators intended for the bankruptcy model construction thus cannot be considered as suitable for using the MDA method.

How well do voice-hearing assessment measures capture the positive experiences of individuals?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy Armstrong ◽  
Lorna Hogg ◽  
Pamela Charlotte Jacobsen
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Lived Experience ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Hearing Assessment ◽  
Positive Experiences ◽  
Assessment Measures ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
The Voice

The first stage of this project aims to identify assessment measures which include items on voice-hearing by way of a systematic review. The second stage is the development of a brief framework of categories of positive experiences of voice hearing, using a triangulated approach, drawing on views from both professionals and people with lived experience. The third stage will involve using the framework to identify any positve aspects of voice-hearing included in the voice hearing assessments identified in stage 1.

Pèlerinages barrésiens

2013 ◽  
pp. 116-123
Author(s):  
Claire Bompaire-Evesque
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
The Self ◽  
Joan Of Arc ◽  
The Third ◽  
National Importance ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
The Dead

This article is a inquiry about how Barrès (1862-1923) handles the religious rite of pilgrimage. Barrès stages in his writings three successive forms of pilgrimage, revealing what is sacred to him at different times. The pilgrimage to a museum or to the birthplace of an artist is typical for the egotism and the humanism of the young Barrès, expressed in the Cult of the Self (1888-1891). After his conversion to nationalism, Barrès tries to unite the sons of France and to instill in them a solemn reverence for “the earth and the dead” ; for that purpose he encourages in French Amities (1903) pilgrimages to historical places of national importance (battlefields; birthplace of Joan of Arc), building what Nora later called the Realms of Memory. The third stage of Barrès’ intellectual evolution is exemplified by The Sacred Hill (1913). In this book the writer celebrates the places where “the Spirit blows”, and proves open to a large scale of spiritual forces, reaching back to paganism and forward to integrative syncretism, which aims at unifying “the entire realm of the sacred”.

Controlled cord traction for the third stage of labour

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nolundi T Mshweshwe ◽  
G Justus Hofmeyr ◽  
A Metin Gülmezoglu
Keyword(s):  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Controlled Cord Traction
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