Gill phospholipids of Amazon fishes

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 793-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles F. Phleger
Keyword(s):  
Phospholipid Composition ◽  
Hoplias Malabaricus ◽  
Arapaima Gigas ◽  
Hoplerythrinus Unitaeniatus

Gill phospholipid composition was quantitatively determined for four Amazon fishes. The fishes included Hoplias malabaricus (obligate water breather), Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus and Erythrinus erythrinus (facultative air breathers), and Arapaima gigas (obligate air breather). Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were the principal gill phospholipids (49–64% and 12–27% of the total phospholipids, respectively). Other phospholipids present included sphingomyelin (5–16%), phosphatidylserine(1–13%), lysophosphatidylcholine (0–6%), phosphatidylinositol (0–5%), and diphosphatidylglycerol (0–3%). The gill phospholipid composition was similarfor these four species of fish.

Swim-bladder surfactants of Amazon air-breathing fishes

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 946-952 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. F. Phleger ◽  
B. S. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Lung Tissue ◽  
Phospholipid Composition ◽  
Vascular Supply ◽  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Tissue Slices ◽  
Minimum Surface ◽  
Arapaima Gigas ◽  
Minimum Surface Tension ◽  
Hoplerythrinus Unitaeniatus

Minimum surface tension and phospholipid composition of fish lung and swim-bladder wash and tissue extract were determined on an obligate water breather, Hoplias malabaricus, two species of facultative air breathers, Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus and Erythrinus erythrinus, and two species of obligate air breathers, Arapaima gigas and Lepidosiren paradoxa. In addition, lung tissue slices were incubated with [1-14C]acetale and [1-14C]palmitate.All lung and swim-bladder wash lipid extracts showed a minimum surface tension of 20–25 dyn/cm (1 dyn = 10 μN). The principle phospholipid of all species is phosphatidylcholine; no phosphatidylglycerol was detected in any sample.The two obligate air breathers had higher rates of incorporation of isotope in tissue slices than facultative air breathers and nonair breathers. This observation correlates well with the greater vascular supply to their lungs.The phospholipid patterns of these fishes are significantly different from those of mammals. We speculate that these lipids recovered from saline wash may not be important in the maintenance of lung stability. Perhaps their function is keeping water from leaking into the lung and swim bladder.

Some kinetic properties of skeletal muscle pyruvate kinase from air-breathing and water-breathing fish of the Amazon

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 751-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. A. Fields ◽  
W. R. Driedzic ◽  
C. J. French ◽  
P. W. Hochachka
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Pyruvate Kinase ◽  
Adenosine Diphosphate ◽  
Kinetic Properties ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Hoplias Malabaricus ◽  
Arapaima Gigas ◽  
Saturation Kinetics ◽  
Muscle Pyruvate Kinase ◽  
Hoplerythrinus Unitaeniatus

The kinetic properties of pyruvate kinase from skeletal muscle were studied in two species of air-breathing fish, Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus and Arapaima gigas, and two species of water-breathing fish, Hoplias malabaricus and Osteoglossum bicirrhosum. It was found that the enzymes from Hoplias and Hoplerythrinus showed hyperbolic saturation kinetics for all substrates, were activated slightly by fructose 1,6-diphosphate, and were inhibited by phosphocreatine and citrate. The enzyme from Hoplias was inhibited by alanine, whereas the enzyme from Hoplerythrinus was not. The enzymes from Arapaima and Osteoglossum showed hyperbolic saturation kinetics for adenosine diphosphate, but the saturation kinetics for phusphoenol-pyruvate were sigmoidal. These enzymes were strongly activated by fructose 1,6-diphosphate and strongly inhibited by alanine, the former completely reversing the inhibition by the latter. Phosphocreatine and citrate were also found to be inhibitors of these enzymes, but the inhibition by phosphocreatine was not reversed by additions of fructose 1,6-diphosphate. The enzymes from the water-breathing fish were more sensitive to inhibition by alanine than were those from the air-breathing fish, but in other respects the enzymes were very similar.

Air-breathing mechanics in two Amazonian teleosts, Arapaima gigas and Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 939-945 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Farrell ◽  
D. J. Randall
Keyword(s):  
Gas Pressure ◽  
Breathing Patterns ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Arapaima Gigas ◽  
Breathing Mechanics ◽  
Replacement Technique ◽  
Hoplerythrinus Unitaeniatus

The mechanics of air breathing in pirarucu, Arapaima gigas, and jeju, Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus, were studied by simultaneous monitoring of air bladder gas pressure and buccal pressure. Also the effect of alterations in air bladder gas tensions on air-breathing patterns was examined by a gas replacement technique. Pirarucu surface every 4.2 min to make a single ventilation of the air bladder, whilst jeju usually make two or three ventilations at an air breath every 3.0 min. Pirarucu exhale first, then inhale, but in jeju buccal filling occurred before lung emptying. Inhalation in pirarucu is a result of air bladder aspiration combined with the action of a buccal pump; however, lung filling in jeju is achieved by a buccal pump only. The significance of aspiration breathing in pirarucu is discussed. Both fish respond similarly to alterations in air bladder gas tensions. Hyperoxia prolongs the interval between air breaths and hypercapnia reduces this interval.

scholarly journals Comparison of the endoparasite fauna of Hoplias malabaricus and Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (Erythrinidae), sympatric hosts in the eastern Amazon region (Brazil)

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. B. Oliveira ◽  
L. Lima Corrêa ◽  
L. Prestes ◽  
L. R. Neves ◽  
A. R. P. Brasiliense ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Condition Factor ◽  
River System ◽  
Amazon River ◽  
Hoplias Malabaricus ◽  
Parasite Species Richness ◽  
The North ◽  
Subsistence Fishing ◽  
Hoplerythrinus Unitaeniatus

Summary Hoplias malabaricus and Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus are Erythrinidae family widely distributed in the Amazon River system of great value to both commercial and subsistence fishing for riverine populations. As such, the objective of the present study was to investigate the endoparasite communities of H. malabaricus and H. unitaeniatus of a tributary of the Amazon River in the north of Brazil. The endoparasite communities of H. unitaeniatus and H. malabaricus were taxonomically similar (85%) and consisted of Clinostomum marginatum, Contracaecum sp., Guyanema seriei seriei, Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus, Pseudoproleptus sp. and Gorytocephalus spectabilis, although the dominant endoparasite was C. marginatum, which was the most prevalent and abundant. All the specimens of both H. malabaricus and H. unitaeniatus were parasitized, with a total of 1237 helminths collected in the former host and 1151 helminths collected in the latter. Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus possessed greater parasite species richness. Both hosts had an aggregate dispersion of parasites, and the abundance of C. marginatum, Contracaecum sp. and G. spectabilis correlated positively with the weight and length of the hosts. The condition factor was not affected by parasitism, but the abundance of C. marginatum and Contracaecum sp. increased when the condition factor of the hosts decreased. This is the first report of G. seriei seriei for H. malabaricus and Pseudoproleptus sp. for H. unitaeniatus.

scholarly journals Seasonal pattern in parasite infracommunities of Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus and Hoplias malabaricus (Actinopterygii: Erythrinidae) from the Brazilian Amazon

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raissa Alves Gonçalves ◽  
Marcos Sidney Brito Oliveira ◽  
Ligia Rigôr Neves ◽  
Marcos Tavares-Dias
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Amazon River ◽  
Hoplias Malabaricus ◽  
Variable Nature ◽  
Hoplerythrinus Unitaeniatus

AbstractThe present study investigated the effects of seasonal variation in parasites infracommunities of Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus and Hoplias malabaricus from a tributary of Amazon River. For H. unitaeniatus and H. malabaricus, 11 parasite species were similar, and greatest parasite richness occurred during the rainy season. Ichthyophthirius multifiliis was the dominant parasite species for both hosts. In H. unitaeniatus, infection by Whittingtonocotyle caetei, Whittingtonocotyle jeju, Urocleidoides sp. and Anacanthorus sp. was higher during rainy season. Contracaecum sp., Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus, Nomimoscolex matogrossensis and Gorytocephalus spectabilis showed no seasonal pattern. For H. unitaeniatus, P. pillulare, Clinostomum marginatum and Argulus pestifer occurred only during dry season, while Trichodina sp., Dolops geayi, undetermined metacercariae and Posthodiplostomum sp. occurred only during the rainy season. In H. malabaricus, the prevalence of Urocleidoides eremitus was similar during the two seasons, but abundance was higher during the rainy season. Tetrahymena sp., C. marginatum, Dendrorchis neivai, undetermined metacercariae, Posthodiplostomum sp., Genarchella genarchella, Cystidicoloides sp., G. spectabilis, D. geayi, A. pestifer and Glossiphonidae gen. sp. occurred only during the dry season. However, Contracaecum sp. and P. (S.) inopinatus occurred during both seasons, but the prevalence of P. (S.) inopinatus was higher during the rainy season. Seasonal variation in this infection levels was due to the host’s feeding behavior and habits and the availability of infectious forms of parasites with heteroxenic life cycles. The non-seasonal fluctuation detected are likely a result of the parasites biology, highly variable nature of this tributary of Amazon River and low abundance of parasites.

scholarly journals Estudo das propriedades funcionais da hemoglobina de Hoplias malabaricus e Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (4 suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 251-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Austen Riggs ◽  
Hans Jorgen Fyhn ◽  
Unni E. H. Fyhn ◽  
Robert W. Noble
Keyword(s):  
Hoplias Malabaricus ◽  
Hoplerythrinus Unitaeniatus

Resumo Hemolisados de Hoplias malabaricus e Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus apresentaram padrões pouco nítidos de hemoglobina com 3 a 4 bandas, respectivamente, por eletroforesis alcalina em gel de disco. A afinidade da hemoglobina fracionada pelo oxigênio do Hoplerythrinus é cerca de um terço da do Hoplias; os valores do P50 para o Hoplias é cerca de 1,3 mm de Hg (pH 6,9 e 20ºC,. A adição de 1 mM ATP diminui a afinidade de oxigênio de cada hemoglobina 2,6 vezes. Ambas as hemoglobinas apresentam efeito Root e efeito Bohr; Δlog P50/Δ pH = -0,40 para hemoglobina fracionada no intervalo de pH 7 a 8. A velocidade de dissociação do oxigênio de cada hemoglobina é semelhante e é cineticamente homogênea com taxas de diminuição constante de 200-250 sec-1 no pH 6,2 para cerca de 25-26 no pH 7,7 com 1 mM ATP ou sem ele. A reação de combinação do CO para a hemoglobina do Hoplias é cineticamente heterogênea em todos os valores de pH e para a hemoglobina Hoplerythrinus em pH abaixo 7,5. As fases rápida e lenta explicam cerca da metade da reação observada. A heterogeneidade cinética e máxima em pH abaixo para ambas as hemoglobinas. A fase rápida para a hemoglobina do Hoplias é cerca de duas vezes mais do que para a hemoglobina do Hoplerythrinus.

Renal function and acid–base regulation in two Amazonian erythrinid fishes: Hoplias malabaricus, a water breather, and Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus, a facultative air breather

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 917-930 ◽  
Author(s):  
James N. Cameron ◽  
Chris M. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Ammonia Excretion ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Acid Excretion ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Urine Ph ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Hoplias Malabaricus ◽  
Urinary Parameters ◽  
Hoplerythrinus Unitaeniatus

The function of the kidney in ion, water, and acid excretion was investigated in two erythrinid fishes, the water-breathing Hoplias malabaricus and the facultative air-breathing Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus. Chronic catheterization of the urinary papilla and the dorsal aorta provided information on the urinary parameters and blood acid–base status. By monitoring total flow of urine, pH, and concentrations of Na+, Cl−, ammonia, titratable acidity, and lactate, the total renal flux of water, various ions, and total acid was computed. The kidneys of both species were found capable of acidifying urine, creating gradients of up to 620:1 for H+ ion, and contributing substantially to steady-state acid excretion. There was no significant increase in lactate or total acid efflux from urine during postoperative (metabolic) acidosis. Respiratory (hypercapnic) acidosis caused a compensatory increase in blood HCO3−, and an increase in branchial Na+ uptake (presumably by Na–H exchange), but no change in ammonia excretion. There was no renal response in one Hoplias to hypercapnia, but an increased acid excretion in one Hoplerythrinus. The behavior of the urinary excretion system appears in various respects similar to the higher vertebrates. There was no obvious correlation between renal parameters and air breathing in these two species.

scholarly journals Response of mucous cells of the gills of traíra (Hoplias malabaricus) and jeju (Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus) (Teleostei: Erythrinidae) to hypo- and hyper-osmotic ion stress

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandro Estevan Moron ◽  
Cássio Arilson de Andrade ◽  
Marisa Narciso Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Gill Filament ◽  
Gill Tissue ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Mucous Cells ◽  
Gill Epithelium ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Hoplias Malabaricus ◽  
Interlamellar Region ◽  
Hoplerythrinus Unitaeniatus

The mucous cells (MC) of traíra, Hoplias malabaricus, and jeju, Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus, two ecologically distinct erythrinid species, were analyzed in fish exposed to deionized (DW) and high ion concentration (NaCl and Ca2+) water (HIW) during 15 days to evaluate the MC responses to ion challenge. MCs are localized in the leading and trailing edge and, interlamellar region of the gill filament epithelium but, in H. unitaeniatus, they are also found in the breathing or lamellar epithelium. MC density is lower in H. malabaricus, the exclusively water-breathing fish, than in H. unitaeniatus, a facultative air-breathing fish. The transference to DW or HIW did not change the MC density and surface area, excepting in H. malabaricus, in the first day of exposure to DW. A single MC containing three types of glycoproteins (neutral, acidic and sulphated) was identified in the gill epithelium of both, H. malabaricus and H. unitaeniatus. The amount (based on the intensity of histochemistry reaction) of these glycoproteins differed between the species and were altered after exposure to DW and HIW showing little adjustments in the amount of mucosubstances in the MC of H. malabaricus and reduction of acidic and sulphated glycoproteins in H. unitaeniatus. The decreasing of these glycoproteins in H. unitaeniatus reduced the mucus protection against desiccation of gill tissue when change the ion concentration in water.

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