Anatomy of the intestine of Ascaris suum: a three dimensional study with silicone rubber casts

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 1110-1117
Author(s):  
Robert P. Harpur
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Female Worm ◽  
Ascaris Suum ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Expansion Chamber ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Posterior Intestine

To facilitate studies of the physiology of Ascaris suum the relations between the intestine and the other organs were investigated. The anterior intestine, which starts, with a thin-walled expansion chamber, is held by connective tissue and by the bellies of muscle cells. A coarctation of the intestine marks the junction of the anterior and midintestine and in the female this narrowing occurs near the genital pore. The midintestine lies free amongst the reproductive organs and terminates near the most posterior excursions of the ovaries and uteri in the female, and of the testis in the male. The posterior intestine is attached continuously, but not initially circumferentially, to the body wall. Relative lengths for the different parts of the female worm are given and microfil casts made in situ with both sexes yielded information about the relative volumes of the midintestine and posterior intestine. The coarctation is the narrowest pan of the intestine and the largest cross-sectional area is reached at the start of the posterior intestine. The attachments to the body wall indicate that the anterior and posterior intestine change length like an accordion when the muscles contract but the cross-sectional area of the lumen is decreased by dorsoventral compression.

Correlation between the Minimal Cross-Sectional Area of the Nasal Cavity and Body Surface Area: Preliminary Results in Normal Patients

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 209-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Jurlina ◽  
Ranko Mladina ◽  
Krsto Dawidowsky ◽  
Davor Ivanković ◽  
Zeljko Bumber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Inferior Turbinate ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional

Nasal symptoms often are inconsistent with rhinoscopic findings. However, the proper diagnosis and treatment of nasal pathology requires an objective evaluation of the narrow segments of the anterior part of the nasal cavities (minimal cross-sectional area [MCSA]). The problem is that the value of MCSA is not a unique parameter for the entire population, but rather it is a distinctive value for particular subject (or smaller groups of subjects). Consequently, there is a need for MCSA values to be standardized in a simple way that facilitates the comparison of results and the selection of our treatment regimens. We examined a group of 157 healthy subjects with normal nasal function. A statistically significant correlation was found between the body surface area and MCSA at the level of the nasal isthmus and the head of the inferior turbinate. The age of subjects was not found a statistically significant predictor for the value of MCSA. The results show that the expected value of MCSA can be calculated for every subject based on anthropometric data of height and weight.

The Vertical Mean Force and Moment of Submerged Bodies Under Waves

1971 ◽  
Vol 15 (03) ◽  
pp. 231-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Lee ◽  
J. N. Newman
Keyword(s):  
Free Surface ◽  
Added Mass ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
The Body ◽  
Slender Body ◽  
Longitudinal Distribution ◽  
Vertical Force ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Mean

A neutrally buoyant slender body of arbitrary sectional form, submerged beneath a free surface, is free to respond to an incident plane progressive wave system. The fluid is assumed inviscid, incompressible, homogeneous and infinitely deep. The first-order oscillatory motion of the body and the second-order time-average vertical force and pitching moment acting on the body are obtained in terms of Kochin's function. By use of slender-body theory for a deeply submerged body, the final expressions for the mean force and the moment are shown to depend on the longitudinal distribution of sectional area and added mass and on the amplitude and the frequency of the ambient surface waves. The magnitude of the mean force for various simple geometric cylinders is compared with that of a circular cylinder of equal cross-sectional area. The mean force on a nonaxisymmetric body is often approximated by replacing the section with circular profiles of equivalent cross-sectional area. A better scheme of approximation is presented, based on a simple way of estimating the two-dimensional added mass. It is expected that the effect of the cross-sectional geometry on mean vertical force and moment will be more significant when the body is very close to the free surface.

CFD Solution of a Two-Canopy Parachute in a Top-to-Top Formation With a Vent of Air From One of Its Canopy

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad J. Izadi
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bluff Bodies ◽  
Variable Cross ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Drag Forces ◽  
Varied Form ◽  
Two Bodies

A CFD study of a 3 Dimensional flow field around two bodies (Two Canopies of a Parachutes) as two bluff bodies in an incompressible fluid (Air) is modeled here. Formations of these two bodies are top-to-top (One on the top of the other) with respect to the center of each other. One canopy with a constant cross sectional area with a vent of air at its apex, and the other with a variable cross sectional area with no vent is studied here. Vertical distances of these two bodies are varied form zero to half, equal, double and triple radius of the body with a vent on it. The flow condition is considered to be 3-D, unsteady, turbulent, and incompressible. The vertical distances between the bluff bodies, cross sectional area, and also vent ratio of bluff bodies are varied here. The drag forces with static pressures around the two bodies are calculated. From the numerical results, it can be seen that, the drag coefficient is constant on the range of zero to twenty percent of the vent ratio and it decreases for higher vent ratios for when the upper parachute is smaller than the lower one, and it increases for when the upper parachute is larger than the lower one. Both Steady and Unsteady cases gave similar results especially when the distance between the canopies is increased.

An Analytical Method for Expansion Chambers With Continuously Varying Cross-Sectional Area

2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-183
Author(s):  
M. Utsumi
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Method ◽  
Broadband Noise ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Characteristic Functions ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Algebraic Equations ◽  
Expansion Chamber ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Linear Algebraic Equations ◽  
The Galerkin Method

An analytical method is applied to predict the acoustic attenuation performance of expansion chambers with continuously varying cross-sectional area. A feature of the present method is the use of spherical coordinates whose origin is at the top of the cone that is tangent to the wall of the expansion chamber. By this means, the characteristic functions can be analytically determined despite the non-uniform geometry of the expansion chamber. Using the Galerkin method, a variational principle is transformed into linear algebraic equations that are solved to determine the transmission coefficient of the expansion chamber. Numerical results are provided for the case where broadband noise attenuation is achieved.

scholarly journals The Effects of Hypergravity on Xenopus Embryo Growth and Cardiac Hypertrophy

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (1 and 2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryce Duchman ◽  
Darrell Wiens
Keyword(s):  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Cardiac Tissue ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Organism Growth ◽  
Ventricle Size ◽  
Average Body

All life on earth has developed and evolved in a unity gravity (1G) environment. Any deviation below or above 1G could affect animal development, a period when much change occurs and sensitivity is high. We imposed simulated hypergravity through centrifugation and analyzed the effects on the overall body length and cardiac growth of Xenopus laevis embryos. We predicted that increased contractile force would be required from the heart to adequately circulate blood, dispersing nutrients, and that this would inhibit organism growth and possibly induce a state of hypertrophy. Embryos reaching gastrulation stage were exposed to a 7G or 1G (control) field via centrifugation for 96 hours. We then recorded behavior, mortality and took body length measurements. We found no significant differences in behavior or mortality, however, body length was significantly reduced by an average of 6.8% in the 7G group. We then fixed, embedded, sectioned and stained embryos in order to investigate the dimensions of cardiac tissue and of the cardiac region of the body using image analysis software. We found the 7G group had a significantly reduced average body cross-sectional area (-18%) and yet a significantly larger ventricular cross-sectional area (+36%) when compared to the 1G group. The average ratio of ventricle cross-sectional area to average body cross-sectional area was significantly higher in the 7G group when compared to the 1G. From these data, we conclude that hypergravity has a significant inhibitory impact on the Xenopus laevis embryo growth and causes a significant increase in ventricle size.

scholarly journals An Analytical Simulation of Boundary Roughness for Incompressible Viscous Flows

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
John Venetis
Keyword(s):  
Flow Direction ◽  
Deformable Body ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Random Roughness ◽  
Analytical Simulation ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Boundary Roughness

The intention of this paper is to investigate the boundary roughness of a mounted obstacle which is inserted into an incompressible, external and viscous flow field of a Newtonian fluid. In particular, the present study focuses on the cross – sectional area of the obstacle, which is assumed to be a non deformable body (rigid object) with a predefined shape of random roughness. For facility reasons and without violating the generality, one may select the cross – section of the body which contains its center of gravity and is perpendicular to the main flow direction. The boundary of this cross – sectional area is mathematically simulated as the polygonal path of the length of a single – valued continuous function. Evidently, this function should be of bounded variation. The novelty of this work is that the formulation of the random roughness of the boundary has been carried out in a deterministic manner.

scholarly journals X-ray CT Analysis of the Cross-Section of a 3D-Printed Deformed Layer

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 7764
Author(s):  
Ho-Jae Lee ◽  
Eun-A Seo ◽  
Won-Woo Kim ◽  
Jun-Mo Yang ◽  
Jae-Heum Moon
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Travel Speed ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Deformed Layer ◽  
Ct Analysis ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
The Cross

In this study, we experimentally analyzed the deformation shape of stacked layers developed using three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. The nozzle traveling speed was changed to 80, 90, 100, and 110 mm/s when printing the layers to analyze its effect on layer deformation. Furthermore, the cross-sectional area and the number of layers were analyzed by printing five layers with overall dimensions of 1000 (w) × 2200 (l) × 50 (h) mm (each layer was 10 mm high) using Vernier calipers. Moreover, we analyzed the interface and cross-sectional area of layers that are difficult to confirm visually using X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT) analysis. As a result of measuring the deformation at the center of the layer, it was confirmed that the deformation was greater for lower nozzle traveling speeds. Consequently, the X-ray CT analysis verified that the layer had the same cross-sectional area irrespective of the layer printing order at the same nozzle travel speed, even if the layer was deformed.

Numerical Effect of Airflow From a Lower Canopy (Bluff Body) Into an Upper Canopy in Steady and Turbulent Condition

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad J. Izadi
Keyword(s):  
Drag Force ◽  
Bluff Body ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
The Body ◽  
Bluff Bodies ◽  
Variable Cross ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Varied Form ◽  
Two Bodies

In this paper, a 3-D flow field around two bluff bodies in an incompressible fluid is modeled [1]. Formations of these two bodies are top to top (One on the top of the other) with respect to the center of each other. The lower on has a constant cross sectional area with a vent of air at its apex and the upper one has a variable cross sectional area with no vent on it. The vertical distances between the bluff bodies, the cross sectional area, and also the vent ratio of bluff bodies are varied here. Vertical distances of these two bodies are varied form zero to half, equal, double and triple the radius of the body with a vent on it (lower body). Flow condition is considered 3D, steady, turbulent, and incompressible. The drag force on each body and also the pressure around the two bodies are calculated. From the numerical results, it can be seen that, the drag force is constant over the range of zero to twenty percent of the vent ratios and for higher vent ratios when the upper bluff body is smaller than the lower one the drag force decreased, and it increased when the upper bluff body is larger than the lower one.

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