A light and electron microscopic study of the structure of the nucleus preopticus and nucleus lateral tuberis of the goldfish, Carassius auratus

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 1423-1437 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Peter ◽  
Y. Nagahama
Keyword(s):  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Large Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Nucleus Lateral Tuberis

On the basis of fine structure only one cell type could be identified in the nucleus preopticus. The nucleus lateral tuberis (NLT) contains three distinct cell types. Cell type 1, primarily in the NLT pars lateralis, is a large cell with many dense-core granules (DCG) 97.3 nm average diameter. Cell type II, primarily in the NLT pars anterioris, is smaller and contains few DCG, averaging 70.9 nm. Cell type III, found in the NLT pars posterioris, pars inferioris and posteriorly in the pars anterioris, is a small cell with DCG similar to type II cells. Cell type III additionally has large irregular granular bodies (dimensions up to 2 μm) that stain with aldehyde fuchsin and are visible with the light microscope. The possible role of the various cell types in controlling pituitary function is discussed.The juxta-ventricular border of the ependyma in the NPO and NLT regions is lined with cilia and microvilli, each with a regionalized distribution. In addition, there are cells with bleblike cytoplasmic extensions into the third ventricle in the ependyma layer in the NLT pars anterioris and pars posterions regions.

Dendritic cells of the human epidermis: immuno-electron microscopic studies of la antigen reactivity

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 644-645
Author(s):  
G. Rowden ◽  
M. G. Lewis ◽  
T. M. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Langerhans Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
La Antigen ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
A Cell ◽  
C3 Receptors ◽  
Antigen Reactivity

Langerhans cells of mammalian stratified squamous epithelial have proven to be an enigma since their discovery in 1868. These dendritic suprabasal cells have been considered as related to melanocytes either as effete cells, or as post divisional products. Although grafting experiments seemed to demonstrate the independence of the cell types, much confusion still exists. The presence in the epidermis of a cell type with morphological features seemingly shared by melanocytes and Langerhans cells has been especially troublesome. This so called "indeterminate", or " -dendritic cell" lacks both Langerhans cells granules and melanosomes, yet it is clearly not a keratinocyte. Suggestions have been made that it is related to either Langerhans cells or melanocyte. Recent studies have unequivocally demonstrated that Langerhans cells are independent cells with immune function. They display Fc and C3 receptors on their surface as well as la (immune region associated) antigens.

Quantitative Analysis of Taste Bud Cell Numbers in the Circumvallate and Foliate Taste Buds of Mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 261-273
Author(s):  
Takahiro Ogata ◽  
Yoshitaka Ohtubo
Keyword(s):  
Soft Palate ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Taste Buds ◽  
Taste Bud ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Fungiform Papilla ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cell Numbers ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Receptor Cells

Abstract A mouse single taste bud contains 10–100 taste bud cells (TBCs) in which the elongated TBCs are classified into 3 cell types (types I–III) equipped with different taste receptors. Accordingly, differences in the cell numbers and ratios of respective cell types per taste bud may affect taste-nerve responsiveness. Here, we examined the numbers of each immunoreactive cell for the type II (sweet, bitter, or umami receptor cells) and type III (sour and/or salt receptor cells) markers per taste bud in the circumvallate and foliate papillae and compared these numerical features of TBCs per taste bud to those in fungiform papilla and soft palate, which we previously reported. In circumvallate and foliate taste buds, the numbers of TBCs and immunoreactive cells per taste bud increased as a linear function of the maximal cross-sectional taste bud area. Type II cells made up approximately 25% of TBCs irrespective of the regions from which the TBCs arose. In contrast, type III cells in circumvallate and foliate taste buds made up approximately 11% of TBCs, which represented almost 2 times higher than what was observed in the fungiform and soft palate taste buds. The densities (number of immunoreactive cells per taste bud divided by the maximal cross-sectional area of the taste bud) of types II and III cells per taste bud are significantly higher in the circumvallate papillae than in the other regions. The effects of these region-dependent differences on the taste response of the taste bud are discussed.

scholarly journals DPre: computational identification of differentiation bias and genes underlying cell type conversions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Steffens ◽  
Xiuling Fu ◽  
Fangfang He ◽  
Yuhao Li ◽  
Isaac A Babarinde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Large Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Supplementary Information ◽  
Computational Techniques ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Mixed Cell ◽  
Directional Bias ◽  
Differentiated Cells

Abstract Summary Cells are generally resistant to cell type conversions, but can be converted by the application of growth factors, chemical inhibitors and ectopic expression of genes. However, it remains difficult to accurately identify the destination cell type or differentiation bias when these techniques are used to alter cell type. Consequently, there is demand for computational techniques that can help researchers understand both the cell type and differentiation bias. While advanced tools identifying cell types exist for single cell data and the deconvolution of mixed cell populations, the problem of exploring partially differentiated cells of indeterminate transcriptional identity has not been addressed. To fill this gap, we developed driver-predictor, which relies on scoring per gene transcriptional similarity between RNA-Seq datasets to reveal directional bias of differentiation. By comparing against large cell type transcriptome libraries or a desired target expression profile, the tool enables the user to visualize both the changes in transcriptional identity as well as the genes accounting for the cell type changes. This software will be a powerful tool for researchers to explore in vitro experiments that involve cell type conversions. Availability and implementation Source code is open source under the MIT license and is freely available on https://github.com/LoaloaF/DPre. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

scholarly journals Are G3 ENETS neuroendocrine neoplasms heterogeneous?

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 649-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fritz-Line Vélayoudom-Céphise ◽  
Pierre Duvillard ◽  
Lydia Foucan ◽  
Julien Hadoux ◽  
Cecile N Chougnet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mitotic Index ◽  
Somatostatin Receptor ◽  
Neuron Specific Enolase ◽  
Morphological Differentiation ◽  
Large Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Neuroendocrine Neoplasms ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Poorly Differentiated

The new WHO classification of gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) neuroendocrine tumors (NET) implies that G3 neoplasms with mitotic index >20 and/or Ki67 index >20% are neuroendocrine carcinomas (NEC), described as poorly differentiated, small or large cell types, by analogy with lung NEC. To characterize the subgroup of non-small-cell-type GEP and thoracic NET with mitotic index >20 and/or Ki67 >20% according to their pathological features, response to cisplatin and overall survival (OS). We reviewed pathological and clinical presentation of G3 non-small-cell-type NET referred to our institution for 5 years. Data from 166 patients with metastatic thoracic and GEP-NET were collected. Twenty-eight patients (17%) fulfill the inclusion criteria. Tumors were classified as well-differentiated NET (G3-WDNET) in 42.8% of cases and poorly differentiated, large-cell NEC (G3-LCNEC) in 57.2% of cases. Plasma chromogranin A or neuron-specific enolase were elevated in 42 and 25% respectively of G3-WDNET and 31 and 50% of G3-LCNEC. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy was positive in 88 and 50% of G3-WDNET or G3-LCNEC respectively. Complete or partial response to cisplatin was observed in 31% of cases, all classified as G3-LCNEC. The median OS was 41 months for G3-WDNET but 17 months for G3-LCNEC (P=0.34). Short survival was observed in 25% of G3-WDNET but 62.5% of G3-LCNEC patients (P=0.049). G3 ENETS GEP and thoracic neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) could constitute a heterogeneous subgroup of NEN as regards diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. If confirmed, future classifications may consider splitting them into two groups according to their morphological differentiation.

scholarly journals A Simple Method to Estimate the Number of Autophagic Elements by Electron Microscopic Morphometry in Real Cellular Dimensions

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Attila L. Kovács
Keyword(s):  
Surface Density ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Volume Density ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Density Data ◽  
Pancreatic Cells ◽  
Electron Microscopic Morphometry

Autophagic elements typically appear as spherical bodies. During their life they undergo a series of changes (e.g., fusion, degradation of content, and swelling) which influence their size in a way that may be characteristic for cell type, stage of maturation, or various experimentally manipulated parameters. A simple and time efficient method is suggested here to use exactly calculated specific surface values and estimate average diameter and number of autophagic elements in real cellular dimensions. The method is based on the easiest morphometric determination of relative surface (surface density) and volume (volume density) data by electron microscopy. A series of data from real experimental samples of liver and exocrine pancreatic cells are offered to illustrate the potential of these measurements and calculations.

scholarly journals Classification of 1,198 Cases of Bovine Lymphoma Using the National Cancer Institute Working Formulation for Human Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas

1992 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Vernau ◽  
V. E. O. Valli ◽  
T. W. Dukes ◽  
R. M. Jacobs ◽  
M. Shoukri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mitotic Index ◽  
National Cancer Institute ◽  
Large Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Follicular Tumors ◽  
Hodgkin's Lymphomas ◽  
Working Formulation

A retrospective histologic study was made of 1,198 cases of bovine lymphoma using the National Cancer Institute Working Formulation for human non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. This classification scheme was found to be readily applicable to bovine lymphoma. Most of the cell types described in the National Cancer Institute Working Formulation occurred in this series of bovine lymphomas, but the distribution of cell types varied markedly compared to that of human beings. Eighty-nine percent (1,067/1,198) of bovine lymphomas were high-grade tumors. The diffuse large cell type and its cleaved variant comprised 65.9% of all bovine lymphomas. Similar to the dog, but in marked contrast to human beings where at least 34% of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas were follicular, follicular tumors were found to be extremely rare in cattle (0.3% or 4/1,198). The prevalence of cell types varied significantly between the enzootic and sporadic lymphomas. The cleaved variant of the diffuse large cell type constituted 38% (406/1,072) of enzootic lymphomas versus 14% (18/126) of sporadic lymphomas. The mitotic index (100 × oil immersion field, 175 μm in diameter) of enzootic lymphomas (3.72 ± 0.06, mean ± standard error) was significantly greater than the mitotic index of sporadic lymphomas (2.82 ± 0.17). We concluded that the cleaved variant of the diffuse large cell type with high mitotic index is characteristic of enzootic lymphoma. This characteristic high-grade cell type may be a consequence of the viral etiology of the enzootic form of bovine lymphoma.

Selective staining of secretory granules of adrenal medullary cells by silver methenamine: A light and electron microscopic study

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 745-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. L. Chang ◽  
Sergio A. Bencosme
Keyword(s):  
Microscopic Study ◽  
Adrenal Medulla ◽  
Electron Microscopic Study ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Glutaraldehyde Fixation ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Selective Staining ◽  
The Third

A reevaluation of the silver methenamine reaction as an electron stain has ensued from recent use of glutaraldehyde fixation alone. By this technique, three cell types of rat adrenal medulla were found: (i) the norepinephrine-containing cells showed selectively stained, irregular, black granules; (ii) the epinephrine-containing cells showed round, light-grey granules; and (iii) the third cell type showed round granules like those of epinephrine-containing cells, but black in color, similar to those of the norepinephrine-containing cells.

scholarly journals Identification of an alternatively spliced site in human plasma fibronectin that mediates cell type-specific adhesion.

1986 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 2637-2647 ◽  
Author(s):  
M J Humphries ◽  
S K Akiyama ◽  
A Komoriya ◽  
K Olden ◽  
K M Yamada
Keyword(s):  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Melanoma Cell ◽  
Synthetic Peptides ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Melanoma Cells ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Fibroblastic Cell ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Alternative Mrna Splicing ◽  
Alternatively Spliced

We have compared the molecular specificities of the adhesive interactions of melanoma and fibroblastic cells with fibronectin. Several striking differences were found in the sensitivity of the two cell types to inhibition by a series of synthetic peptides modeled on the Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser (RGDS) tetrapeptide adhesion signal. Further evidence for differences between the melanoma and fibroblastic cell adhesion systems was obtained by examining adhesion to proteolytic fragments of fibronectin. Fibroblastic BHK cells spread readily on fl3, a 75-kD fragment representing the RGDS-containing, "cell-binding" domain of fibronectin, but B16-F10 melanoma cells could not. The melanoma cells were able to spread instead on f9, a 113-kD fragment derived from the large subunit of fibronectin that contains at least part of the type III connecting segment difference region (or "V" region); f7, a fragment from the small fibronectin subunit that lacks this alternatively spliced polypeptide was inactive. Monoclonal antibody and fl3 inhibition experiments confirmed the inability of the melanoma cells to use the RGDS sequence; neither molecule affected melanoma cell spreading, but both completely abrogated fibroblast adhesion. By systematic analysis of a series of six overlapping synthetic peptides spanning the entire type III connecting segment, a novel attachment site was identified in a peptide near the COOH-terminus of this region. The tetrapeptide sequence Arg-Glu-Asp-Val (REDV), which is somewhat related to RGDS, was present in this peptide in a highly hydrophilic region of the type III connecting segment. REDV appeared to be functionally important, since this synthetic tetrapeptide was inhibitory for melanoma cell adhesion to fibronectin but was inactive for fibroblastic cell adhesion. REDV therefore represents a novel adhesive recognition signal in fibronectin that possesses cell type specificity. These results suggest that, for some cell types, regulation of the adhesion-promoting activity of fibronectin may occur by alternative mRNA splicing.

scholarly journals Cell-Type-Specific Transcription of Innate Immune Regulators in response to HMPV Infection

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Simon Loevenich ◽  
Jostein Malmo ◽  
Ann Magritt Liberg ◽  
Tatyana Sherstova ◽  
Youxian Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Immune Mediators ◽  
Hmpv Infection ◽  
Type Iii Ifn

Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) may cause severe respiratory disease. The early innate immune response to viruses like HMPV is characterized by induction of antiviral interferons (IFNs) and proinflammatory immune mediators that are essential in shaping adaptive immune responses. Although innate immune responses to HMPV have been comprehensively studied in mice and murine immune cells, there is less information on these responses in human cells, comparing different cell types infected with the same HMPV strain. The aim of this study was to characterize the HMPV-induced mRNA expression of critical innate immune mediators in human primary cells relevant for airway disease. In particular, we determined type I versus type III IFN expression in human epithelial cells and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and dendritic cells (MDDCs). In epithelial cells, HMPV induced only low levels of IFN-β mRNA, while a robust mRNA expression of IFN-λs was found in epithelial cells, MDMs, and MDDCs. In addition, we determined induction of the interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) IRF1, IRF3, and IRF7 and critical inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IP-10, and IL-1β). Interestingly, IRF1 mRNA was predominantly induced in MDMs and MDDCs. Overall, our results suggest that for HMPV infection of MDDCs, MDMs, NECs, and A549 cells (the cell types examined), cell type is a strong determinator of the ability of HMPV to induce different innate immune mediators. HMPV induces the transcription of IFN-β and IRF1 to higher extents in MDMs and MDDCs than in A549s and NECs, whereas the induction of type III IFN-λ and IRF7 is considerable in MDMs, MDDCs, and A549 epithelial cells.

scholarly journals FINE STRUCTURAL IDENTIFICATION OF PEROXISOMES IN MOUSE AND RAT BRONCHIOLAR AND ALVEOLAR EPITHELIUM

1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 339-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETR PETRIK
Keyword(s):  
Alveolar Epithelium ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Clara Cells ◽  
Alveolar Cells ◽  
Secretion Granules ◽  
Type Ii Alveolar Cells ◽  
The One ◽  
Average Size

Following incubation in Novikoff and Goldfischer's alkaline modification of Graham and Karnovsky's diaminobenzidine (DAB) medium, densely stained bodies were identified in the bronchiolar nonciliated cells (Clara cells) and in type II alveolar cells (great alveolar cells, granular pneumonocytes) in mouse and rat lung. In Clara cells, the electron-dense reaction product was distributed in spherical, single membrane-bound bodies having an average diameter of 0.3-0.4 µ but varying from 0.15-0.65 µ. Neither nucleoids nor crystalline cores were seen inside these structures. These bodies were seen to be often closely associated with rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae. The electron-lucent vesicles, some of them with a dense core, previously reported as secretion granules, never stained with DAB. The DAB-stained bodies present in type II alveolar cells had a somewhat different morphology. They were often elongated, with an average size of 0.2-0.3 x 0.1 µ but varying between 0.6 and 0.08 µ. The electron density of their staining was the same as in the DAB-positive bodies of Clara cells. Both cell types were studied for acid phosphatase activity; the distribution pattern of the reaction was entirely different from the one reported above. Considering the specificity of this modified reaction and the effect of inhibitors, it is assumed that the DAB-stained bodies present in both Clara and type II alveolar cells—in spite of a slightly atypical aspect in the latter—are peroxisomes.

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