The breeding behavior of a crowded population of mallards

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (9) ◽  
pp. 1270-1283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodger D. Titman ◽  
James K. Lowther

The breeding behavior of a population slightly in excess of 200 free-winged mallard ducks was observed during the breeding seasons of 1966 and 1967. These ducks frequented a 3.1-ha area at the Delta Waterfowl Research Station in Manitoba. The most notable behavioral abnormalities observed in this dense population were a great deal of strife, including fighting among males and females, and rape of females; a high frequency of nest parasitism; abandonment of nests; reduced broodiness of females; loss and abandonment of young; formation of large broods of mixed origin; and, renesting of hens already having produced a brood. Although egg production was high, productivity was low due to a small hatch and to high mortality of young less than 2 weeks old. Aggressive behavior and rape within this population appeared to be responsible for mortality and reduced breeding success.

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 480-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G Topping ◽  
John S Millar ◽  
James A Goddard

The nocturnal activity of bushy-tailed wood rats (Neotoma cinerea) was monitored for two breeding seasons (1993 and 1994) in the Canadian Rockies. Radiotelemetry was used under three levels of moonlight to assess two measures of nocturnal activity: (i) the proportion of animals crossing rocky outcrops and entering the surrounding forest to forage, search for mates, or both, and (ii) the distance moved from the den site while in the forest. Males and females exhibited significant differences among moonlight levels, with greater activity on nights of intermediate-level moonlight and less activity on nights with bright or dark moonlight. There was no difference in the proportions of males and females active at any moonlight level. The distances moved from the den did not differ among moonlight levels for either males or females. Having traversed the rocks and entered the forest, individuals moved similar distances regardless of light level. These results suggest that wood rats respond to moonlight only when making the decision to cross rocks and enter the forest. This behaviour presumably serves to counteract the increased risk of predation on bright nights.


2013 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 365-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Merete Hjelset

Abstract Hjelset, A. M. 2014. Fishery-induced changes in Norwegian red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) reproductive potential. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71: 365–373. The introduced red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) in the Barents Sea supports a valuable fishery in northern Norway. In this paper, I examine the effect of the increased harvest rate and the recently added female quota on the potential egg production of the stock. The size ranges of males and females in the period 1995–2011 were recorded, and estimated stock abundance of ovigerous females and established individual fecundity parameters from 2000–2007 were used to assess the reproductive potential of the stock from 1995–2011. The upper size ranges of males and females decreased throughout the period studied, presumably mainly due to fishing. The change in size composition among ovigerous females and functional mature males, and the reduced mean individual fecundity in the stock seem to have had a negative effect on the potential egg production of the stock.


Author(s):  
D. B. Bennett

Moult increments, annual moult frequency and hence annual growth were determined from suture-tagged edible crabs (Cancer pagurusL.) released and recaptured off Devon, Cornwall, and Dorset.The average moult increments of males and females at a premoult carapace width of 100 mm were similar; at larger sizes the average moult increment of females was considerably less than that of males. Annual moult frequency ofC. pagurusin south-west England decreased with increase in size, females more so than males.As a result of the smaller moult increments and lower moult frequency of females, their annual growth is considerably less than that of males. This appears to be the result of three aspects of sex and reproduction: (1) reduction in moult increments, probably as a result of competition for nutritive resources between egg production and body growth; (2) the interruption of the moulting cycle by successive annual spawnings from a single impregnation at the previous moult; and (3) accentuation of the larger increments in weight at moulting of male crabs due to the allometric growth of their chelae. A consequence of the higher growth rate of males is the presence of very large male crabs – a distinctive feature of the population structure of the stock off south-west England.The growth of C.pagurusin south-west England was compared with published data for stocks off the east and north-east coast. Moult increments were similar for both areas, but there were considerable differences in the moult frequencies. In the south-west, males moult more frequently than females; the opposite is the case for the east and north-east crab stocks. A valid reason for this difference has not yet been established.


The Auk ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 117 (4) ◽  
pp. 971-979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret C. MacCluskie ◽  
James S. Sedinger

Abstract We determined patterns of nutrient-reserve use by female Northern Shovelers (Anas clypeata) nesting at Minto Flats, Alaska, and compared them with those of female shovelers nesting in the Prairie Pothole Region of Manitoba, Canada. Individual variation in somatic lipid was best explained by nest initiation date; females that initiated nests early had larger lipid reserves than females that delayed nest initiation. These results contrast with those from Manitoba, which showed that females used lipid reserves and stored protein during egg production. Incubating females from Alaska did not use protein or mineral reserves, but lipid reserves decreased significantly throughout incubation. Females in Alaska and Manitoba used lipid reserves similarly during incubation. We conclude that endogenous nutrient availability does not proximately limit clutch size during laying for this population of shovelers, possibly due to the high productivity of wetlands in interior Alaska and/or the long photoperiod that allow females to forage extensively. Successful completion of incubation or brood rearing may be an ultimate factor that controls clutch size for this population of shovelers.


2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcia Regina Dezan ◽  
Valéria B. Oliveira ◽  
Çarolina Nunes Gomes ◽  
Fabio Luz ◽  
Antônio J. Gallucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 149-152
Author(s):  
Exequiel Barboza ◽  
Patricia Capllonch ◽  
Fernando Diego Ortiz ◽  
Alex E. Jahn

AbstractLittle is known about the age at which many Neotropical bird species first attempt to breed. We evaluated the breeding condition of 515 adult and subadult males and females among four species of Turdus thrushes (T. nigriceps, T. chiguanco, T. amaurochalinus and T. rufiventris) in Tucumán, Argentina during three breeding seasons (2015 to 2018). We registered a total of 126 individuals with brood patches and cloacal protuberances, which accounted for 24.5% of thrushes in breeding condition that we sampled. Forty thrushes had a brood patch (31.7% of those in breeding condition), of which 11 were subadults (8.7%). Eighty-six thrushes (68.3%) had a swollen cloacal protuberance, 18 of which were subadults (14.3%). Only a few of the subadults in breeding condition built nests, incubated eggs or raised nestlings. Of 130 nests we found, only 3 belonged to a subadult thrush (in all cases, a subadult female with an adult social mate), one of which was successful. Further research on these patterns among various Neotropical bird species could lead to important insights into the life history strategies that characterize different populations, and how these ultimately affect their population dynamics.


1994 ◽  
Vol 159 ◽  
pp. 411-411
Author(s):  
M. Tornikoski ◽  
E. Valtaoja ◽  
A.G. Smith ◽  
A.D. Nair

We have been searching for correlated optical and radio variability in large temporal data sets of 22 extragalactic radio sources. The optical data were obtained with the 76-cm reflector at the Rosemary Hill Observatory in Florida, USA. The radio data were obtained at two different sites: 22, 37 and some of the 90 GHz data at the Metsähovi Radio Research Station, Finland, and 90 and 230 GHz data at the Swedish-ESO Submillimetre Telescope (SEST) on La Silla, Chile. Because the SEST data unfortunately reaches only back to 1988, the 90 and 230 GHz data were complemented by the IRAM data from Steppe et al. (A&AS 75, 1988 and A&AS 96, 1992).


The Auk ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Davison Ankney

Abstract I collected 150 Brant (Branta bernicla) at East Bay, Southampton Island, Northwest Territories, Canada, in 1979 and 1980 to evaluate how much these birds rely on reserves of fat, protein, and calcium during egg production, incubation, and the subsequent wing molt. Egg laying resulted in decreases in body weight and nutrient reserves of females. These decreases could have accounted for all of the fat but only 70% of the protein in an average clutch. Neither males nor females had sufficient reserves when incubation began to enable them to fast during that period. Only 11% and 22% of the energy required by males and females, respectively, could have been derived from their reserves during incubation. Brant evidently did not use body reserves to obtain nutrients for feather growth during wing molt. Rather, molting males and females accumulated muscle protein, which supports my hypothesis that wing molt is not a nutritional stress for waterfowl.


The Condor ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-319
Author(s):  
Martjan Lammertink

Abstract Grouping and associated behavior are poorly documented for the Great Slaty Woodpecker (Mulleripicus pulverulentus) of Southeast Asia. This woodpecker is thought to breed in pairs, although only three active nests have been superficially described. I present observations of group and breeding behavior of the Great Slaty Woodpecker from five regions in western Indonesia. Thirty-six independent units of Great Slaty Woodpeckers involved predominantly groups (81%), followed by pairs (17%), and one single bird. Mean size of groups larger than 2 was 4.2 ± 1.2 (range 3–6) individuals. Group size did not vary as a function of time of year, logging disturbance, or the number of sympatric woodpecker species. Individuals attended the same groups on consecutive days. Groups comprised several males and females. Roost holes, spaced >200 m apart, were occupied by single birds. In 65% of foraging groups, two to five members simultaneously exploited a single food source such as a stingless bee, termite, or ant nest; frequency of food-source sharing peaked at groups of four individuals. Within foraging groups, females spent more time climbing and searching; males did more hammering, pecking, and flaking. Grouping in this species is perhaps induced by cooperatively searching for and exploiting infrequent but highly profitable food sources. Two nests of Great Slaty Woodpeckers were found, one of which was attended by two males and one female. In 18% of occasions, Great Slaty Woodpecker groups associated temporarily with White-bellied Woodpeckers (Dryocopus javensis). In mixed flocks the two species exploited different food sources within 50 m from each other. Gregarismo y Cría Cooperativa en Mulleripicus pulverulentus Resumen. El gregarismo está documentado escasamente para la especie Mulleripicus pulverulentus del sureste asiático. Se cree que la especie cría en parejas, aunque sólo se han descrito superficialmente tres nidos activos. Se presentan observaciones de comportamiento gregario y de reproducción de este pícido procedentes de cinco regiones en el oeste de Indonesia. Treinta y seis unidades independientes de M. pulverulentus incluyeron predominantemente grupos (81%), seguidos de parejas (17%), y un ave solitaria. El tamaño medio de grupos mayores que 2 fue 4.2 ± 1.2 individuos (rango 3–6). El tamaño de los grupos no varió como función de la temporada del año, la perturbación por tala o el número de especies simpátricas de carpinteros. Los individuos integraron los mismos grupos en días consecutivos. Los grupos constaron de machos y hembras. Los agujeros dormidero, separados por más de 200 m, estuvieron ocupados por una sola ave. El 65% de los grupos de entre dos y cinco miembros explotaron simultáneamente una única fuente de alimento como nidos de abejas sin aguijón, termitas u hormigas; la frecuencia con que las fuentes de alimento fueron compartidas fue máxima en grupos de cuatro individuos. En los grupos de forrajeo, las hembras pasaron más tiempo trepando y buscando mientras que los machos pasaron más tiempo martilleando, picoteando y quitando cortezas. El gregarismo en esta especie quizás es inducido por la búsqueda cooperativa y la explotación de fuentes de alimento infrecuentes pero muy provechosas. Se encontraron dos nidos de M. pulverulentus, uno de los cuales salió adelante con la cooperación de dos machos y una hembra. El 18% de las veces los grupos de M. pulverulentus se asociaron temporalmente con la especie Dryocopus javensis. En grupos mixtos las dos especies explotaron fuentes de alimento diferentes en un radio de 50 m de distancia.


1987 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 701 ◽  
Author(s):  
JM Lyle

The reproductive biology and diets of C. cautus, C. melanopterus and C. fitzroyensis from northern Australia are described. Males and females are usually mature at 84 and 91 cm, respectively, in C. cautus, 95 and 97 cm in C. melanopterus, and 88 and 100 cm in C. fitzroyensis. The species exhibit placental viviparity, have restricted breeding seasons, and individual females appear to breed annually. Breeding seasons for C. cautus and C. melanopterus are very similar: mating occurs between January and March, ovulation in February-March, and parturition in October-November. Individuals of C. fitzroyensis mate between May and July, ovulate between July and September, and give birth the. following February- April. Gestation periods for the three species range from 7 to 9 months. Approximate sizes at birth are 40 cm for C. cautus, 48 cm for C. melanopterus and 50 cm for C. fitzroyensis. Mean litter sizes are 2.9 (range 1-5) for C. cautus, 3.8 (range 3-4) for C. melanopterus and 3.7 (range 1-7) for C. fitzroyensis. Teleost fish are an important component of the diets, with crustaceans and molluscs (mainly cephalopods) of lesser importance. Snakes are eaten by C. melanopterus and C. cautus.


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