Species concepts and speciation

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (9) ◽  
pp. 1121-1134 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. E. Scudder
Keyword(s):  
Recent Literature ◽  
Single Mode ◽  
Species Concepts ◽  
Species Hybrid ◽  
Species Problem ◽  
Main Mode ◽  
Hybrid Species ◽  
Quantum Speciation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Ring Species

Some of the recent literature on species concepts and speciation is reviewed. It is evident that there is no single precise and objective definition of the species which is universally acceptable and applicable. Rather than trying to solve the species problem by searching for more definitions or separating the category of nomenclatural taxonomy from that of experimental research, it is suggested that it would be preferable to recognize and indeed stress that not all species are of the same kind. Different sorts of species should be recognized and understood in relation to different inherent characteristics and different strategies of evolution. We should thus recognize palaeospecies, morphospecies, sibling species, ring species, polytypic species, biospecies, introgressed species, hybrid species, compilospecies, agamospecies, gynogenetic species, and so on. It ought to be possible to devise a scheme for designating these and handling them then in a systematic manner.With reference to speciation, it is concluded that no longer should we stress that gradual allopatric speciation is the only or indeed main mode of speciation in animals. We should encompass also the concepts of quantum speciation, gradual sympatric speciation, instant speciation, and speciation by hybridization and polyploidy. There is now experimental evidence to show that these are theoretically possible. However, it is as well to remember that, to date, speciation by hybridization and polyploidy is the only proven method.As noted by many previous authors, there is no single mode of speciation. The process in different groups of animals is liable to be radically different. Further, even in the same family or genus, there is no reason to believe that the mode of speciation will be constant.

Defining and assessing walkability: a concept for an integrated approach using surveys, biosensors and geospatial analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Dörrzapf ◽  
Anna Kovács-Győri ◽  
Bernd Resch ◽  
Peter Zeile
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Planning ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Transport Mode ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Spatial Environment ◽  
Planning Processes ◽  
Valuable Complement ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractWalking as a transport mode is still often underrepresented in the overall transport system. Consequently, pedestrian mobility is usually not recorded statistically in the same manner as it is performed for motorised traffic which leads to an underestimation of its importance and positive effects on people and cities. However, the integration of walkability assessments is potentially a valuable complement in urban planning processes through considering important quantitative and qualitative aspects of walking in cities. Recent literature shows a variety of approaches involving discrepancies in the definition of walkability, the factors which contribute to it, and methods of assessing them. This paper provides a new understanding of the concept of walkability in the European context. Our approach relies on the extension of methodological competence in transportation, spatial planning and geography by linking new measurement methods for evaluating walkability. We propose an integrated approach to assessing walkability in a comprehensive methodology that combines existing qualitative and GIS-based methods with biosensor technologies and thus captures the perceptions and emotions of pedestrians. This results in an increased plausibility and relevance of the results of walkability analysis by considering the spatial environment and its effect on people.

Social media and consumer engagement: a review and research agenda

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 268-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Barger ◽  
James W. Peltier ◽  
Don E. Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Consumer Engagement ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Antecedents And Consequences ◽  
Area Of Concern ◽  
Definition Of

Purpose In “Social media’s slippery slope: challenges, opportunities and future research directions”, Schultz and Peltier (2013) asked “whether or how social media can be used to leverage consumer engagement into highly profitable relationships for both parties”. The purpose of this article is to continue this discussion by reviewing recent literature on consumer engagement and proposing a framework for future research. Design/methodology/approach The paper reviews the marketing literature on social media, paying particular attention to consumer engagement, which was identified as a primary area of concern in Schultz and Peltier (2013). Findings A significant amount of research has been conducted on consumer engagement since 2010. Lack of consensus on the definition of the construct has led to fragmentation in the discipline, however. As a result, research related to consumer engagement is often not identified as such, making it difficult for academics and practitioners to stay abreast of developments in this area. Originality/value This critical review provides marketing academics and practitioners insights into the antecedents and consequences of consumer engagement and offers a conceptual framework for future research.

A Didactic Dilemma in Emerging Societies: Devaluing Journal Club in Medical Working out

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 01-05
Author(s):  
Saeed Shoja Shafti
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Journal Club ◽  
Academic Misconduct ◽  
Critical Reading ◽  
Clinical Issues ◽  
Journal Clubs ◽  
Reading Abilities ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Working Out

A journal club is a scholastic conference in which a group of persons discuss issued articles, providing an opportunity for a shared effort to keep up with the current writings. The emphasis of journal clubs has supposedly shifted over the years. What was once a setting in which the world's recent literature was analyzed became a setting for talking over clinical issues raised by the writings and, most recently, a setup for learning critical reading abilities to physicians or other associated authorities. Nevertheless, so far there is no generally accepted definition of journal club, even though this academic method has been around for more than a century and has evolved basically during this period. In the present paper, conceptual and applied features of journal club, especially in developing countries, is surveyed, to discuss an apparent underrating of journal club in some medical departments, which could be due to misunderstanding of new philosophies, or to talk about the necessity of modification of an academic misconduct, which could be attributable to didactic unawareness.

On the Indispensability of Intentionality

1972 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-133
Author(s):  
Harold Morick
Keyword(s):  
Recent Literature ◽  
Essential Property ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Conceptual Scheme ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Condition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

In the last two decades, there has been a great deal of interest in providing an intentional criterion of the psychological. Of the various ones proferred, it seems to me that the best was the earliest, which was Chisholm’s initial criterion in his 1955 essay “Sentences about Believing.” In this present paper I first single out a basic misconception pervading the recent literature on intentionality and suggest that a consequence of this misconception has been the futile attempt to use the notion of intentionality to provide a kind of definition of “mind”; that is, to use intentionality to provide a necessary and sufficient condition for the psychological. Secondly, I point out how intentionality as captured by my own criterion is indispensable in that it is an essential property of certain particulars (persons) which are basic to our conceptual scheme and apparently basic to any conceptual scheme whatsoever.

scholarly journals What is the Meaning of Critical Thinking in the Context of Globalization?

MANUSYA ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 80-96
Author(s):  
Stephen Evans
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Clear Picture ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of

A review of recent literature advocating critical thinking as a necessary response to ‘globalizationʼ, gives no clear picture of what critical thinking is. Drawing on Kant and Hermeneutics, this paper proposes a critical definition of critical thinking as an understanding of its subject-matter which questions itself, and a characterization of critical thinking as the tension of standing within the subject-matter while holding it at a distance. Considered against a backdrop of concerns about ‘globalizationʼ, critical thinking is seen, not only as an intellectual method, but also as an existential engagement of the world.

Path Size Modeling in Multimodal Route Choice Analysis

2005 ◽  
Vol 1921 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sascha Hoogendoorn-Lanser ◽  
Rob van Nes ◽  
Piet Bovy
Keyword(s):  
Route Choice ◽  
Transport Networks ◽  
Main Mode ◽  
Choice Analysis ◽  
Multimodal Transport ◽  
Choice Sets ◽  
Error Terms ◽  
Multimodal Networks ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Size Variable

Travelers in multimodal networks make many choices (e.g., main mode, access modes, egress modes, boarding nodes, transfer nodes, and egress nodes). One way to address this complexity of choices is to analyze choice sets of multimodal routes. However, choice sets for multimodal networks are large, and overlap of routes within choice sets is substantial. This paper focuses on overlap in multimodal transport networks. An overview of the topic of overlap and route choice modeling is given and is followed by an analysis of how overlap might be defined in the context of multimodal networks. Three definitions of “overlap” are proposed, based on number of legs, time, or distance. The different definitions are analyzed using path size logit estimations, which show that path size must be accounted for. Furthermore, the definition of “path size” for multimodal transport networks should be different from that used for road networks: for multimodal transport networks, a definition using number of legs yields substantially better results. Estimation results suggest that the weighting parameter corresponding with the path size variable should be equal to 1, implying that the path size variable based on number of legs accounts for the correlation of error terms of overlapping parts.

James Guy: A Surreal Commentator

Prospects ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 125-148
Author(s):  
Ilene Susan Fort
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Social Criticism ◽  
Art World ◽  
World War ◽  
American Artists ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Definition Of

During the decade prior to World War II, James Guy (1910–1983) achieved a substantial reputation in the New York art world. He was one of the earliest American exponents of surrealism, adopting it years before the abstract expressionists responded to the aesthetic. Guy used surrealism as a vehicle for social criticism, creating some of the most pungent attacks on the societal ills of his day. The Depression was a period when many American artists became socially and politically concerned and viewed their art as an instrument of change. Most of these artists have been labeled social realists. While recent literature on socially conscious artists of the 1930s has expanded the term to include artists who do not exactly fit the definition of social realists, no reference to Guy has been given in any of these surveys.

James M. Barrie and the Expanding Definition of Addiction

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce K. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Research Trends ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Biographical Study ◽  
Definition Of

In the recent literature, the term, “addiction”, has been defined as overwhelming involvement with the use of any drug (Jaffe, 1980) or with any other activity (Peele, 1981). These broad definitions accurately reflect current research trends, but also create problems of clearly distinguishing addiction from healthy involvement and of explaining why “overwhelming involvement” should be considered pathological at all. A study of Sir James M. Barrie's life is used to address these issues. Barrie had several “overwhelming involvements” which make him ideal for a biographical study of addiction in the expanded sense. His life suggests two basic principles. First, that addiction entails intense involvement for the purpose of evading a crucial difficulty or conflict. Second, that addictive involvements tend to form an “addictive complex” in which no particular habit is essential. Should these concepts be borne out, they would help to clarify how addiction differs from other kinds of involvement and why it is properly considered pathological even when illicit drugs are not involved.

scholarly journals Norwegian art and crafts teachers’ conceptions of creativity

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Brynjar Olafsson
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Understanding ◽  
Domain Knowledge ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Compulsory Education ◽  
The Other ◽  
Capacity Assessment ◽  
Clear Definition ◽  
Core Subjects ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Creative Capacity

This study investigates Norwegian art and crafts teachers’ conceptions of creativity through the responses to a questionnaire from 791 teachers in compulsory education. The curriculum in Norway for compulsory education emphasizes the development of creativity in the art and crafts field more than in the other core subjects. However, the curriculum does not offer a clear definition of creativity or how creativity-related goals should be reached. According to prior research, teachers express different ideas about what creativity involves, and their conceptual understanding can affect their teaching practices. Results indicate that teachers hold beliefs that are in misalignment with recent literature, and a better conceptual understanding could support them in emphasizing creativity in the classroom. This applies especially to individual creative capacity, assessment, and the role played by domain knowledge in education.

scholarly journals Football, corporate ownership, and conflicts of interest: Dark spaces and black boxes

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 29-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Faraudello ◽  
Lorenzo Gelmini
Keyword(s):  
Recent Literature ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Social Recognition ◽  
Corporate Ownership ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Financial Reports ◽  
Football Clubs ◽  
Black Boxes ◽  
Financial Growth ◽  
Definition Of

In recent years, the literature on football and accounting has focused on some opaque spaces in the ownership of football clubs, as well as in the definition of collaboration and commercial partnership mechanisms that, even in the case of larger clubs, are at times misrepresented in financial reports (Chadwick et al., 2018; Sudgen et al., 2017; Holzen et al., 2019). Our paper describes the case of Italy and its main relevance lies in that spectrum of analysis; in effect, the strictly familial nature of Italian capitalism clearly emerges in the case of football, as well. The clubs are controlled by influential entrepreneurial families (often operating in the entertainment industry) who through football consolidate their image. Put in these terms, the risks of conflicts of interest and opacity in commercial formulas, already highlighted by the best and recent literature, are reflected in a system of economic and meta/non-economic returns in which the object “football” becomes an instrument of social recognition and financial growth via indirect mechanisms.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document