Activity of autotransplanted pituitary glands in goldfish, Carassius auratus L., maintained in different ambient salinities

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Leatherland ◽  
D. M. Ensor
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Pars Intermedia ◽  
Pars Distalis ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Cell Height ◽  
Small Rise ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
Interrenal Cells

Pituitary histology was compared in in situ and autotransplanted glands in goldfish which were acclimated to four different ambient media. In addition, the histology of the gonad and interrenal and thyroid gland and plasma Na+ and K+ concentrations were examined in these fish as well as in hypophysectomized animals acclimated to the same external media.The rostral pars distalis (RPD) epsilon cells, presumptive proximal pars distalis (PPD) thyrotrophs, and pars intermedia (PI) PAS stainable (+ve) cells appear to function only with intact hypothalamic–adenohypophysial connections whereas the remaining pituitary cell types were independent of hypothalamic control and in some cases (RPD eta cells and basophil cells) were directly affected by environmental salinity.The thyroid epithelial cell height (TEH) was elevated in all the groups of fish in 30% seawater. The significant (albeit small) rise in pharyngeal TEH in hypophysectomized animals in 30% seawater may indicate a direct effect of the ambient environment on thyroid gland activity.The interrenal cell nucleus diameter was not significantly affected by any of the treatments although cytological changes were found in the interrenal cells in hypophysectomized and to a lesser extent in autotransplanted fish, which indicated a lower activity in these groups when compared with shamoperated controls; there was no apparent effect of salinity on interrenal cell activity.Plasma Na+ concentrations were not maintained in fish with autotransplanted pituitaries acclimated to hypotonic media (distilled and tap water); thus the viability of endocrine factors which regulate plasma Na+ levels in the goldfish appears to be impaired in these fish.

Functional Morphology of Spontaneous Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Lesions in the Canine Pituitary Gland

1980 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. El Etreby ◽  
R. Müller-Peddinghaus ◽  
A. S. Bhargava ◽  
G. Trautwein
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Pars Intermedia ◽  
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone ◽  
Pars Distalis ◽  
Pituitary Tumours ◽  
Prolactin Cells ◽  
Neoplastic Lesions ◽  
Nodular Hyperplasia ◽  
Pituitary Glands

The pituitary glands of 10 male and 29 female dogs of different breeds had diffuse hyperplasia and hypertrophy of growth hormone or prolactin cells. Immunoreactive adrenocorticotrophin/melanotrophin was in the frequent focal hyperplastic lesions and micro-and macroadenomas of both pars distalis and pars intermedia of old female dogs. Pituitary tumours of other functional cell types were not found. Focal hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions usually were accompanied by spontaneous nodular hyperplasia or adenomas of the adrenal cortex as well as by changes in serum adrenocorticotrophic hormone and cortisol levels.

Expression, distribution, regulation and function of IGFs in the ovine fetal pituitary

1995 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Lü ◽  
K Yang ◽  
V K M Han ◽  
J R G Challis
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Endocrine Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Pars Intermedia ◽  
Pars Distalis ◽  
Paracrine Factors ◽  
Pomc Mrna ◽  
Pars Nervosa ◽  
Igf I ◽  
And Function

ABSTRACT Activation of the fetal pituitary-adrenal axis is crucial for fetal organ maturation and the onset of parturition in sheep. Many factors including corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin secreted from the hypothalamus, and growth factors produced within the pituitary may be involved in the regulation of maturation of the fetal pituitary gland. IGFs have mitogenic and differentiation-promoting capacities in a variety of organs and are synthesized as paracrine factors within developing tissues. However, there is little information concerning the synthesis, distribution, regulation and function of IGFs in the fetal pituitary gland at different times during pregnancy. Therefore, we have localized IGF-I and IGF-II mRNAs and peptides, and determined the effect of cortisol on the level of IGF-II mRNAs in the pituitary glands of developing sheep fetuses. We examined the possible effects of IGFs on corticotroph function in cultures of adenohypophysial cells from term fetuses. Seven species of IGF-II transcripts of 1·2–6·0 kb were identified by Northern blot analysis in the pituitary gland of fetuses between day 60 of gestation and term (day 145). The levels of IGF-II mRNAs did not change significantly during pregnancy, although there was a trend for the presence of higher levels of IGF-II mRNAs at day 60 of gestation. IGF-I mRNA was not detectable. By in situ hybridization, IGF-II mRNA was localized to non-endocrine cells and to cells lining the blood vessels of the pars distalis, to some presumed endocrine cells in the pars distalis and pars intermedia, and to clusters of cells in the pars nervosa. In contrast, IGF-I and IGF-II peptides were detected in the presumed endocrine cells in the pars distalis and pars intermedia but not in the pars nervosa. Incubation of adenohypophysial cells from term fetuses with IGF-I, but not IGF-II, for 48 h increased specific 125I-Tyr-ovine CRH binding. However, neither IGF-I nor IGF-II had any significant effects on the basal or CRH-stimulated immunoreactive (ir)-ACTH output, the level of POMC mRNA or the number of ir-ACTH positive cells. Infusion of cortisol to fetuses starting at day 96 of gestation for 100 h or at days 120–125 of gestation for 84 h did not affect the level of IGF-II mRNAs in the pars distalis but decreased the levels of POMC mRNA. These results are consistent with IGFs having the potential to influence fetal pituitary function, although probably on cell types other than the corticotrophs. The likely sources of IGFs may be predominantly local (IGF-II) or from extrapituitary sources (IGF-I).

Development of folliculo-stellate cells in the human pituitary

1988 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Coates ◽  
I. Doniach
Keyword(s):  
Stellate Cell ◽  
Protein S ◽  
Stellate Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Glial Fibrillary Acid Protein ◽  
Pars Intermedia ◽  
Pars Distalis ◽  
Human Pituitary ◽  
Acid Protein ◽  
S 100

Abstract. The development of the folliculo-stellate cell in human fetal pituitaries has been investigated by immunocytochemical methods for S-100 protein and glial fibrillary acid protein. S-100 positivity was first observed in pars intermedia cells in a 13-week fetus. Staining with this antiserum is seen in cells of the pars distalis after 15 weeks. Glial fibrillary acid protein was not apparent until 18 weeks, when only cells in the pars intermedia were stained. These cells were not seen in the pars distalis before 28 weeks' gestation, but were present in a 39-week specimen and in a 5 day old baby. In most pituitaries examined, cells staining for S-100 and glial fibrillary acid protein were more concentrated in the pars intermedia than the pars distalis. These results suggest that folliculo-stellate cells in the human pituitary originate in the neurally associated facet of the pars intermedia and pass through this lobe to reach the pars distalis. Since these cells stain for glial related antigens, they may be a modified form of glial cell and arise in the neuroectoderm. Evidence for this hypothesis is given by a lack of both S-100 and glial fibrillary acid protein in the pituitaries of three anencephalic pituitaries. Differences in the timing of S-100 and glial fibrillary acid protein immunoreactivity may be related to either developmental aspects of the folliculo-stellate cell, or to the presence of two distinct cell types.

scholarly journals Graded Hedgehog and Fibroblast Growth Factor Signaling Independently Regulate Pituitary Cell Fates and Help Establish the Pars Distalis and Pars Intermedia of the Zebrafish Adenohypophysis

Endocrinology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 149 (9) ◽  
pp. 4435-4451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burcu Guner ◽  
A. Tuba Ozacar ◽  
Jeanne E. Thomas ◽  
Rolf O. Karlstrom
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Endocrine Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Pars Intermedia ◽  
Fibroblast Growth ◽  
Pars Distalis ◽  
Fgf Signaling ◽  
Cell Fates ◽  
Hh Signaling

The vertebrate adenohypophysis forms as a placode at the anterior margin of the neural plate, requiring both hedgehog (Hh) and fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) mediated cell-cell signaling for induction and survival of endocrine cell types. Using small molecule inhibitors to modulate signaling levels during zebrafish development we show that graded Hh and Fgf signaling independently help establish the two subdomains of the adenohypophysis, the anteriorly located pars distalis (PD) and the posterior pars intermedia (PI). High levels of Hh signaling are required for formation of the PD and differentiation of anterior endocrine cell types, whereas lower levels of Hh signaling are required for formation of the PI and differentiation of posterior endocrine cell types. In contrast, high Fgf signaling levels are required for formation of the PI and posterior endocrine cell differentiation, whereas anterior regions require lower levels of Fgf signaling. Based on live observations and marker analyses, we show that the PD forms first at the midline closest to the central nervous system source of Sonic hedgehog. In contrast the PI appears to form from more lateral/posterior cells close to a central nervous system source of Fgf3. Together our data show that graded Hh and Fgf signaling independently direct induction of the PD and PI and help establish endocrine cell fates along the anterior/posterior axis of the zebrafish adenohypophysis. These data suggest that there are distinct origins and signaling requirements for the PD and PI.

Histophysiology and innervation of the pituitary gland of the goldfish, Carassius auratus L.: a light and electron microscope investigation

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 835-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Leatherland
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Secretory Cell ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Pars Intermedia ◽  
Electron Microscope Investigation ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Granule Release

Six secretory cell types (prolactin-, ACTH-, somatotropin- (STH-), TSH-, and two presumptive gonadotropin- (GTH-) secreting cells) were identified in light or electron microscope preparations of goldfish pars distalis. A further two cell types of unknown function were demonstrated in the pars intermedia. Cellular identification was based on the position of cells within the adenohypophysis and on the staining properties or morphological characteristics of the cytoplasmic granules.The prolactin-, ACTH-, and STH-secreting cells and the pars intermedia cells appeared to release granules into the basement membrane whereas granule release from TSH- and GTH-secreting cells was not found.Many of the adenohypophysial cell types were innervated directly or across a basement membrane by B-type neurohypophysial fibers. A-type neurosecretory fibers were associated with blood vessels and pituicytes within the neurohypophysis. The possible role(s) of the two types of pituicytes is discussed.

THE LONG-TERM EFFECT OF TRANSECTION OF THE PITUITARY STALK ON THE VOLUME OF THE PITUITARY GLAND OF THE ADULT GOAT

1966 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hume Adams ◽  
Peter M. Daniel ◽  
M. L. Prichard
Keyword(s):  
Term Effect ◽  
Pituitary Stalk ◽  
Pars Intermedia ◽  
Pars Distalis ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Severe Reduction ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Parenchymal Cells

ABSTRACT A study was made of the changes in volume of the pituitary glands of adult female goats surviving for many weeks after pituitary stalk section. The mean volume of the whole gland was about one-third of that found in control goats of similar sex and age. Pars distalis shrank to one-fifth of the volume of the normal lobe. This shrinkage was due largely to contraction of the scar replacing the original massive infarct, but partly also to shrinkage of the surviving parenchymal cells. The infundibular process also showed a severe reduction in size. By contrast pars intermedia underwent a substantial hypertrophy.

DISTRIBUTION OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC AND LIPOTROPHIC PEPTIDES IN THE RAT

1980 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
SUE JACKSON ◽  
P. J. LOWRY
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Rat Plasma ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Pars Intermedia ◽  
Intermediate Lobe ◽  
Pars Distalis ◽  
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Large Molecular Weight ◽  
Female Wistar Rats ◽  
Pituitary Glands

Intermediate and anterior lobes from the pituitary glands of female Wistar rats were freshly dissected and chromatographed on Sephedex G-50 and BioGel P6. Fractions were monitored with radioimmunoassays for NH2- and CO2H-terminal adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH), α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), and α- and β-endorphin. A large molecular weight, glycosylated form of corticotrophin-like intermediate lobe peptide (CLIP) which we have termed big CLIP, and a β-MSH-like molecule were identified in the pars intermedia and in both lobes, a major peak of activity with the elution characteristics and cross-reactivity of γ-lipotrophic hormone (γ-LPH) was detected. In the pars distalis, the larger peptides 1–39 ACTH and β-LPH predominated, whereas in the pars intermedia, the smaller peptides α-MSH, CLIP, β- and α-endorphin were more abundant. Chromatography of rat plasma revealed peaks of immunoreactivity in the corresponding positions to those detected in the pituitary gland.

SEM of Hepatocytes and Biliary Passages in Goldfish Liver

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 556-557
Author(s):  
Waykin Nopanitaya ◽  
Joe W. Grisham ◽  
Johnny L. Carson
Keyword(s):  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Biliary System ◽  
Fish Food ◽  
Commercial Fish ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Commercial Fish Food

An interesting feature of the goldfish liver is the morphology of the hepatic plate, which is always formed by a two-cell layer of hepatocytes. Hepatic plates of the goldfish liver contain an infrequently seen second type of cell, in the centers of plates between two hepatocytes. A TEH study by Yamamoto (1) demonstrated ultrastructural differences between hepatocytes and centrally located cells in hepatic plates; the latter were classified as ductule cells of the biliary system. None of the previous studies clearly showed a three-dimensional organization of the two cell types described. In the present investigation we utilize SEM to elucidate the arrangement of hepatocytes and bile ductular cells in intralobular plates of goldfish liver.Livers from young goldfish (Carassius auratus), about 6-10 cm, fed commercial fish food were used for this study. Hepatic samples were fixed in 4% buffered paraformaldehyde, cut into pieces, fractured, osmicated, CPD, mounted Au-Pd coated, and viewed by SEM at 17-20 kV. Our observations were confined to the ultrastructure of biliary passages within intralobular plates, ductule cells, and hepatocytes.

Expression of the growth hormone receptor gene in chicken pituitary glands

1992 ◽  
Vol 135 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Hull ◽  
R. A. Fraser ◽  
S. Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone Receptor ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Chicken Liver ◽  
Adult Chicken ◽  
Oligonucleotide Primers ◽  
Receptor Mrna ◽  
Gh Receptor ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
Growth Hormone Receptor Gene

ABSTRACT Although GH has no direct effect on GH release from chicken pituitary glands, GH receptor mRNA similar to that in the rabbit liver was identified by Northern blot analysis in extracts of adult chicken pituitaries. Complementary (c) DNA, reverse transcribed from chicken pituitary RNA, was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the presence of 3′- and 5′-oligonucleotide primers coding for the extracellular domain of the chicken liver GH receptor and was found to contain an electrophoretically separable fragment of 500 bp, identical in size to that in chicken liver. Digestion of this pituitary cDNA with NcoI produced expected moities of 350 and 150 bp. Amplification of chicken pituitary cDNA in the presence of oligonucleotide primers for the intracellular sequence of the chicken liver GH receptor produced an electrophoretically separable fragment of approximately 800 bp, similar to that in chicken liver. This fragment was cut into expected moieties of 530 and 275 bp after digestion with EcoRI. These PCR fragments were identified in extracts of the pituitary caudal lobe, in which somatotrophs are confined and account for the majority of endocrine cell types, and in the cephalic lobe, in which somatotrophs are lacking. Translation of the GH receptor mRNA in the pituitary gland was indicated by the qualitative demonstration of radio-labelled GH-binding sites in plasma membrane preparations, in pituitary cytosol and in nuclear membranes. These results provide evidence for the expression and translation of the GH receptor gene in pituitary tissue, in which GH receptors appear to be widely distributed within cells and in different cell types. GH may therefore have paracrine, autocrine or intracrine effects on pituitary function. Journal of Endocrinology (1992) 135, 459–468

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