Induction of cold-tolerance in Galleria larvae by Farnesyl methyl ether

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-63
Author(s):  
Ajai Mansingh
Keyword(s):  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Methyl Ether ◽  
Topical Application ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Locomotory Activity ◽  
Wax Moth

After 3 weeks of chilling at 4 °C, last-instar larvae of the wax moth G. mellonella required about 40 min at 25 °C to regain posture and locomotory activity; 65% of the larvae died subsequently. Topical application of 2 μl FME significantly reduced the "recovery time" and enabled 75% of the treated larvae to survive the cold exposure.

Variation in the responses of shorn sheep to cold exposure

1966 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Slee
Keyword(s):  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Cold Treatment ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Gestation Length ◽  
Skin Temperatures

Thirteen Blackface and Merino × Cheviot female sheep were shorn and each exposed for a maximum of 10 hours to intense cold (—18° C, 4 m.p.h. wind). Individual exposures were terminated earlier if rectal temperatures fell by 4·5° C. In the first year of the experiment (1963) 11 out of 13 of the sheep were in late pregnancy. There were also 12 control sheep, 9 of them pregnant, which were not subjected to cold treatment. In 1964, 12 of the previously treated sheep were subjected again to similar cold exposures. This time they were unmated and there were no controls.The cold treatment apparently caused increased variation in gestation length, but the effects on neo-natal lamb mortality were inconclusive.In 1963 and 1964 there was wide variation between individual sheep in cold tolerance—defined as the ability to maintain rectal temperature during cold exposure. Repeatability for this character was approximately 0·73, suggesting the existence of a genetic component. The average decline in rectal temperature was similar in both years: 3·9·2° C. in 1964. Pregnancy and breed had no detectable effects on cold tolerance.Skin temperatures on the midside, ear and hind foot (pastern) were measured in 1964. They all declined during cold exposure. Midside skin temperatures typically fell to about 10° C., ear temperatures to about 3° C. and foot temperatures to zero. There were temperature fluctuations due to periodic vasodilation on the ears but the feet generally showed sustained vasoconstriction.Superior cold tolerance tended to be associated with low mean body skin temperatures and a previous history of live-weight gain. It is suggested that subcutaneous fat deposition may be one factor responsible for improving skin insulation and thereby reducing heat loss in shorn sheep, but direct evidence for this was lacking.

Cold tolerance of insects and other arthropods

1990 ◽  
Vol 326 (1237) ◽  
pp. 613-633 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Thermal Hysteresis ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
The Body ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Locomotory Activity ◽  
Supercooling Point ◽  
Ice Nucleators

Arthropods, as poikilotherms, adapt to cold environments in a variety of ways that include extension of locomotory activity to low temperatures, enhancement of metabolic rate and maintenance of a positive energy balance whenever possible. The ecological implications for many such animals are extension of the life cycle and a requirement for an individual to overwinter several times. Prolonged sub-zero temperatures increase the risk of tissue freezing, and two main strategies have been evolved, first avoidance of freezing by supercooling, and secondly, tolerance of extracellular ice. In the first strategy, freezing is invariably lethal and extensive supercooling (to — 30 °C and below) occurs through elimination or masking of potential ice nucleators in the body and accumulation of cryoprotective substances such as polyhydric alcohols and sugars. Such species are termed freezing intolerant. The second strategy, freezing tolerance, is uncommon in arthropods and other invertebrates, and usually occurs in a single life stage of a species. Freezing of liquid in the extracellular compartment is promoted by proteinaceous ice nucleators. Freezing is therefore protective, and the lethal temperature is well below the supercooling point in freezing tolerant individuals, whereas in most freezing intolerant species it is close to or at the supercooling point. Proteins also act as antifreezes in insects of both strategies, producing a thermal hysteresis by lowering the freezing point of haemolymph in a non-colligative fashion while not affecting the melting point temperature. Recent studies and developments in arthropod cold tolerance are discussed against this background, and a broader approach than hitherto is advocated, which integrates ecological information with physiological data.

Comparing apples and oranges (and blueberries and grapes): fruit type affects development and cold susceptibility of immature Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 152 (4) ◽  
pp. 532-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanira Jiménez-Padilla ◽  
Laura V. Ferguson ◽  
Brent J. Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Adult Body Size ◽  
Adult Body ◽  
Diet Type

AbstractDrosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is a cosmopolitan polyphagous pest on unripe soft-skinned fruits. We sought to determine (1) temperature treatments that could be used to kill immature D. suzukii in fruit or packaging and (2) whether development on different fruits led to differences in cold tolerance of immature D. suzukii. We reared animals from egg on a banana-based laboratory diet and diets made of apple (Malus domestica Borkhausen; Rosaceae), blueberry (Vaccinium Linnaeus; Ericaceae), cherry (Prunus avium Linnaeus; Rosaceae), grape (Vitis Linnaeus; Vitaceae), orange (Citrus × sinensis (Linnaeus) Osbeck; Rutaceae), raspberry (Rubus Linnaeus; Rosaceae), or strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne; Rosaceae) homogenate in agar and measured development time, adult body size, and cold tolerance. Diet type had complex effects on development time; in particular, D. suzukii reared on apple-based or blueberry-based diets developed more slowly to a smaller adult body size than those on other diets. Cold exposure killed eggs and both first and second instars. Survival of 24 hours at +4 °C by feeding third instars was lowest in blueberry and cherry. Five days at +0.6 °C killed all feeding third instars; this treatment is likely sufficient for targeting D. suzukii in fruit. Two hours at −5 °C or −6 °C killed all wandering third instars and pupae; this exposure could be sufficient for sanitation of packaging.

Hormonal control of ovarian development and metamorphosis in Malacosoma pluviale

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 917-920 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. Sahota
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Hormone ◽  
Adult Development ◽  
Methyl Ether ◽  
Topical Application ◽  
Ovarian Development ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Juvenile Hormone Mimic

Simplified preparations, such as isolated abdomens, were used to study the effect of farnesyl methyl ether (a juvenile hormone mimic) and ecdysone on ovarian development and adult development in Malacosoma pluviale. Untreated isolated abdomens showed very limited ovarian development and failed to form imaginal cuticle, thus indicating a lack of adult development. Topical application of farnesyl methyl ether to the isolated abdomens blocked the ovarian development completely and no adult development ensued either. Both adult development and ovarian development of the isolated abdomens were stimulated by ecdysone injections. Thus, adult development and ovarian development in M. pluviale seem to be closely related.

scholarly journals Topical Application of TRPA1 Agonists and Brief Cold Exposure Accelerate Skin Permeability Barrier Recovery

2010 ◽  
Vol 130 (7) ◽  
pp. 1942-1945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsuhiro Denda ◽  
Moe Tsutsumi ◽  
Makiko Goto ◽  
Kazuyuki Ikeyama ◽  
Sumiko Denda
Keyword(s):  
Topical Application ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Skin Permeability ◽  
Permeability Barrier

scholarly journals Adult cold tolerance and potential North American distribution of Myllocerus undecimpustulatus undatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita S. Neal ◽  
Rodrigo Diaz ◽  
Jawwad A. Qureshi ◽  
Ronald D. Cave
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Potential Distribution ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Mechanistic Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Leaf Consumption ◽  
Isothermal Line

AbstractCold tolerance and potential distribution of Myllocerus undecimpustulatus undatus Marshall, a polyphagous pest in the United States, were investigated. Adult survivorship after 2 days at 0 °C and − 5 °C averaged 60% and 18%, respectively. Four days of exposure resulted in survivorship of 11% at 0 °C and 4% at − 5 °C, respectively. Summer-collected weevils at − 5 °C through repeated cold exposure of 2 h survived 3 times longer than those subjected to sustained cold period of 10 h. Leaf consumption did not differ among summer-collected weevils at constant 20 °C and repeated cold exposure treatments; weevils under sustained cold exposure consumed less than weevils in repeated cold exposure treatments. Leaf area consumed after cold exposure was 2–4 times greater in winter-collected weevils compared to summer-collected weevils. Leaf consumption by winter-collected weevils decreased as the number of repeated cold exposure periods increased. Locality data from collections in Florida during 2000–2012 were used to produce a correlative model complemented by a mechanistic model from the cold tolerance data to project the potential distribution of M. undecimpustulatus undatus in North America. The models support the hypothesis that M. undecimpustulatus undatus could spread to areas of the southeastern and western United States. The predicted northern distribution followed an isothermal line about 33° North. The niche model defined an area along the western Gulf Coast as unsuitable for the weevil, possibly because the area receives greater annual rainfall than other areas of the southeastern United States and has aquic or udic soil unlike the well-drained sandy soil of peninsular Florida.

The effects of mindfulness and repeated cold exposure on cold tolerance and motor skill performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 408
Author(s):  
Kaitlin Mugford ◽  
Heather Barry ◽  
Michael King ◽  
Gal Ziv ◽  
Heather Carnahan
Keyword(s):  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Motor Skill ◽  
Skill Performance

Effect of starvation on the cold tolerance of adult Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Madelena De Ro ◽  
Thomas Enriquez ◽  
Jochem Bonte ◽  
Negin Ebrahimi ◽  
Hans Casteels ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Chill Coma ◽  
Critical Thermal Minimum

Abstract The spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, is an invasive pest in Europe and North America. Access to resources may be challenging in late fall, winter and early spring and flies may suffer from food deprivation along with cold stress in these periods. Whereas a plethora of studies have been performed on the overwintering capacity of D. suzukii, the effects of starvation on the fly's cold tolerance have not been addressed. In the present study, young D. suzukii adults (reared at 25°C, LD 12:12 h) were deprived of food for various periods (0, 12, 24 and 36 h), after which chill coma recovery time, critical thermal minimum, as well as acute and chronic cold tolerance were assessed. Additionally, the body composition of adults (body mass, water content, total lipid, glycerol, triglycerides, glucose and proteins) before and after starvation periods was analysed to confirm that starvation had detectable effects. Starved adults had a lower body mass, and both lipid and carbohydrate levels decreased with starvation time. Starvation slightly increased critical thermal minimum and affected chill coma recovery time; however, these changes were not gradual with starvation duration. Starvation promoted acute cold tolerance in both sexes. This effect appeared faster in males than in females. Food deprivation also led to enhanced survival to chronic cold stress. Short-term starvation was thus associated with significant changes in body composition in D. suzukii, and these alterations could alter some ecologically relevant traits related to cold tolerance, particularly in females. Our results suggest that food deprivation during short time (<36 h) can promote cold tolerance (especially survival after a cold stress) of D. suzukii flies. Future studies should address the ecological significance of these findings as short food deprivation may occur in the fields on many occasions and seasons.

scholarly journals Cold Tolerance in Hypothyroid Rabbits: Role of Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria and Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ ATPase Isoform 1 Heat Production

Endocrinology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 149 (12) ◽  
pp. 6262-6271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Paula Arruda ◽  
Luisa A. Ketzer ◽  
Mariana Nigro ◽  
Antonio Galina ◽  
Denise P. Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Muscle Enzymes ◽  
Muscle Mitochondria ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria ◽  
Brown Adipose

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is involved in rat and mice thermoregulation, and heat produced by BAT depends on the concerted action of thyroid hormones and catecholamines. Little is known about cold-induced thermogenesis in mammals that have little or no BAT, such as rabbits. In these animals, thermogenesis primarily occurs in skeletal muscle. In this work, we have studied the effect of cold acclimation (4 C for 10 d) in normal and hypothyroid rabbits. It is known that hypothyroid rats die after a few hours of cold exposure. We now show that, different from rats, hypothyroid rabbits sustain their body temperature and survive after 10 d cold exposure. When compared with rabbits kept at room temperature, the muscles of cold-exposed rabbits showed a dark red color characteristic of oxidative muscle fibers. According to this pattern, we observed that in both normal and hypothyroid rabbits, cold exposure promotes an increase in oxygen consumption by skeletal muscle mitochondria. Moreover, in red muscle, cold acclimation induces an increase in the expression and activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase isoform 1 (SERCA1), one of the muscle enzymes involved in heat production. We conclude that rabbit cold tolerance is probably related to increased muscle oxidative metabolism and heat production by SERCA1 and that these changes are not completely dependent on normal thyroid function.

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